the peasants remained dependent on the noble landowners, and in the mines of the Urals, which were worked by serfs, iron production even declined. However, the expanding rail network helped to significantly [...] century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial period of growth [...] in record time in Rostov on Don, production commenced in the Stalingrad (today Volgograd) tractor works in the mid-1930s, and in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and

produced cutlery, which can still be seen in Laguiole or Langres (France). Hydropower driving hammer works, bellows and, eventually, grinding mills shaped the trade to such an extend that steam engines only [...] one another. In addition, hardly any other industry boasts the same diversity of manufacturing conditions, which is due to the abundance of textile samples that still shapes the industry and enables even [...] scheme of the French "Le Thiers" pocket knife has kept an entire generation of small workshops at work and helped the eponymous city to gain new prestige. In Laguiole, the revitalized sector has boosted

ruthlessly exploited. Women and children in textile factories had to work shifts of between 14 and 16 hours. Even hen working conditions improved during the course of the 19th century – primarily for children [...] discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory age began around [...] organisation and tempo of work: but not only in textile manufacturing. The Economist, Adam Smith, tells of a factory where the manufacture of a pin was divided up into 18 working sections. In 1769, the English

workers. For the same reason they were able to postpone any improvements to the catastrophic working conditions for a long time. Thus, for centuries technical developments failed to move on from the Middle [...] en drill; this was then followed by a piston drill that worked along the same principle as a steam engine. These inventions would have made work underground much easier, were it not for the fact that they [...] effective safety lamp, whose flame was screened off from the pit gas by an extremely thin wire trellis. Work underground remained highly dangerous and extremely dangerous to health because of the risk of explosions

especially the "Borinage" in the far west - gained a sad notoriety because of the disastrous working conditions and the miserable wages. The workers fought back in bitter strikes and the region developed [...] HISTORY OF BELGIUM Listen The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse and Sambre

manufacture ... more BELGIUM The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse ... more [...] empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such as the saw mill in Räpina, glass works at Põltsama ... more FINLAND Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation is due primarily to

System prevented the import of cheaper and better English cotton, ever more spinning and weaving works opened their doors, particularly around Zurich. Unlike in the mother country of industrialisation [...] there was no shortage of labour; entrepreneurs could pay low wages, particularly as many people also worked in agriculture on the side. The severe famines of the 19th century revealed dramatically how important [...] 1880s, Switzerland, traditionally a nation of emigration on account of the precarious agricultural conditions, became dependent on immigration. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland

boosted by the vast forests of this Alpine country. Concurrently, industrial working conditions gradually improved, working time was capped at 11 hours and health and accident insurance was introduced [...] core region, where Karl Wittgenstein, "Austria’s Krupp", formed the established mining and iron-working operations into a powerful cartel. Textile production developed in the Vorarlberg region, and in

twelve-hour working day were soon followed by demands for a ten-hour day. The first improvements in working conditions occurred after a law was introduced in 1842 to restrict child labour and women's work in Great [...] stacks of iron works. Workers poured into the new industrial centres and in a few years villages exploded into major cities: here the masses were forced to live under appalling conditions in crowded slums [...] slums and damp cellars. Working hours were around 14 hours a day and the workers were slaves to the rhythm of the machines. Women were expected to work just as hard for less pay, especially in the collieries

many people looking for work, factory owners could afford to pay poverty wages. Working hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours, 6 days a week. Violations of the strict time and work discipline resulted in immediate [...] was now available. However, far too many people sought work in the burgeoning industrial cities, as mechanisation put millions of artisans out of work, and many farmers sought new employment as their farms [...] Moreover, those who did find work were paid a pittance, enough only for the cheapest accommodation. People slept five to a bed - and rented it out to strangers while they worked. Others lived in damp cellars

great deal of European common ground waiting to be discovered. For a start, the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less the same, assuming that a miner in the Ruhr or the [...] highlight the economic resources of this heritage for sustainable development and to encourage voluntary work to protect and preserve this heritage. The Ministry of Urban Development and Monument Preservation [...] symbols of change. They are not only revitalised in a museum context, but also reused to live and work in. They are the setting for the creation of new and traditional products and even goods and services

to stories? Perhaps stories telling about industrial history, or about people and their working or living conditions? Here you are right ... more BROCHURE: EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE From its very beginning

prisoners of war could be used as labourers under certain conditions, but as they could not decide on the nature and duration of their work in the German Reich, their employment was considered forced [...] at the end of 1916, not least on the initiative of entrepreneurs. However, most of them refused to work in Germany and the deportations were largely stopped in early 1917. The recruitment of civilians in [...] million civilians, prisoners of war from West and East, and concentration camp inmates were forced to work in German industry and agriculture. In August 1944, the civilian labour force alone amounted to 6

industry throughout Europe. He was born at Preston, and after being apprenticed as a barber, moved to work for a peruke maker at to Bolton-le-Moors, where textile workers were producing increasing amounts [...] share, which attracted attention from all over Europe. The Cromford Mill site, which probably began to work in 1774, was powered by the Bonsall Brook, a tributary of the River Derwent. The mill was extended [...] Germany by Johann Brugelman, and to the United States by Samuel Slater (1768-1835) who for a time worked at Cromford. They were also in France and Bohemia before 1790. Arkwright was involved with the canal

and production facilities prisoners from concentration camps were forced to work under inhumane working and living conditions, tens of thousands of them met their death. As the war neared its end von Braun [...] and he published books detailing the possibilities of space travel. In 1960 he and his team began to work for NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and in due course he designed the Saturn

He was articled to the architect Charles Fowler (1792-1867) in 1815, and ten years later began to work in the office of Sir Robert Smirke. On Smirke`s recommendation he entered the Royal Academy School [...] churches, schools and lodge houses for great estates in several parts of the country, but his two major works were the Fishmongers` Hall, in the Greek Revival style built in 1832 in the City of London, and the [...] station of 1841-44, both of which remain. He was best-known as the designer of apartments for the working class. In 1835 he built the Sailors` Home in Well Street, Whitechapel (now demolished), the prototype

well as French, Italian and Soviet prisoners of war. Whoever violates the strict rules of his rigid ‘work discipline’ is transferred to a prison camp run by the company itself. Two times, 1919 and 1949, France [...] sentenced to ten years imprisonment as a war criminal. In 1951 he is prematurely released on the condition that he never sets foot in the Saar region again. The following dispute between France and the Röchling

introduce his invention with support from the French government. He was paid a fee and pension on condition that he cut off his involvement with the English textile trades. His shuttle was adopted in French [...] revoked in 1759. After he decided to stay in France his pension was given back to him in 1770 and he worked on other ideas with the French authorities, including ones for excavating canals, regulating temperature

Sweden. His father died when he was 12 and from the age of 14 he worked as a labourer on a nearby farm. The next year he left home to work with an iron-mine prospector, then progressed to an apprenticeship [...] training his workforce and developing talented individuals. His company was also known for good working conditions, including free medical care. His wife Hilda Simonsson, whom he married in 1878, took a close [...] to study instrument-making abroad from 1872 to 1875: he joined Siemens and Halske in Berlin, then worked in Munich, Bern, Magdeburg and Neuchatel before returning home. He opened his own engineering shop

sordid detail, based on his reading in social history, and on scientific observation of working and living conditions in industrial areas. For the industrial historian the two most important of more than [...] The novels of Emile Zola depict with startling clarity the inhuman and oppressive aspects of working class life in industrial Europe in the nineteenth century. Zola was born in Paris, the son of a naturalized