Puertas Juez Switzerland Kilian T. Elsasser United Kingdom (England) Dr Michael Nevell United Kingdom (Scotland) Mark Watson United Kingdom (Wales) Ruth Taylor-Davies

began to spring up at ironworks in the coalfields of Shropshire and Staffordshire, in the south of Scotland and in Wales. By the end of the 19th century Great Britain had become the world's largest producer

smoke became a widespread phenomenon in the British Isles, eventually covering the country from Scotland in the north to Yorkshire and central England. Nevertheless, until the end of the 19th century,

Midlands, new steelworks were opened in Sheffield, the traditional centre of knife manufacture, and in Scotland the Carron ironworks became a leading armourer. Steam power and steel also revolutionised transport:

manufacturers in Belfast were already using steam engines, driven by coal imported from England and Scotland, or water power. Shipbuilding flourished, culminating in the construction of the luxury liner “Titanic”

the Tammerkoski river. He diversified into cotton manufacturing in 1828, and while he returned to Scotland ten years later, the company he established became one of the largest in Finland employing more

1894 by a wealthy Norwegian when a submarine cable was laid linking Iceland with the Faroe Islands, Scotland and the rest of the world. Much of the original equipment remains, and displays illustrate the epic

recovering in hospital he served as a tank driver on a firing range near Fraserburgh in north-east Scotland, and after demobilisation trained as a miner at Oakdale in South Wales. He married a Welsh woman

in the Chorlton Twist Co, which in 1799 acquired the mills at New Lanark, on the River Clyde in Scotland, that had been built by Richard Arkwright in partnership with David Dale (1739-1806), whose daughter [...] Protestant George Rapp. In Britain unsuccessful Owenite colonies were established at Orbiston in Scotland in 1825-29, Manea Fen in Cambridgeshire in 1838-9, and Harmony Hall, Queenswood, East Tytherley

well-made road surface: ‘macadam’, or later ‘tarmacadam’ or ‘tarmac’. He was born at Ayr in south-west Scotland. At the age of 14 he crossed the Atlantic to New York, where his uncle was a merchant. He succeeded [...] succeeded in business there but left after the American War of Independence and returned to Scotland. He managed a colliery and went into business with the Earl of Dundonald in the British Tar Company, which

new chemical industries. Charles Tennant was born into a farming family in Ayrshire, south-west Scotland. As a boy he was apprenticed to a hand-loom weaver at Kilbarchan, west of Glasgow. This introduced [...] ownership of the company. Tennant was the chief promotor of one of the first public railways in Scotland, the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway (opened 1831), which allowed him to cut the costs of delivering

sulphuric acid, iron production and the invention of the steam engine. He helped to establish central Scotland as a heavy industrial region. Roebuck grew up in the city of Sheffield in northern England, where [...] It continued to be used for two centuries. In 1759 Roebuck started an ironworks near Falkirk in Scotland that was to become one of the most important of the era. He provided a quarter of the capital alongside

including the Rochdale and Lancaster canals in north-west England, the Aberdeen and Crinan canals in Scotland and the Royal Canal of Ireland. His maritime projects included commercial docks and harbours in [...] waters up to 20 m deep, and devised with Robert Stevenson the Bell Rock lighthouse on the east of Scotland, built in 1807-10. He pioneered steam-powered dredging and pile-driving and the use of diving bells

a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers). He had some experience of the textile industry in Scotland before he went to St Petersburg in 1817 with the twin objectives of establishing a cotton factory [...] the Finlayson name, and after two years when he acted as adviser to the new company he returned to Scotland, living in Edinburgh, where there is a commemorative plaque on his house. In its most prosperous

on billions of vehicles and bicycles world-wide – the pneumatic tyre. Dunlop grew up on a farm in Scotland and studied to be a vet. In 1867, he set up a veterinary practice in Belfast that over the next

Pretender’ to the throne, Bonnie Prince Charlie). The rebellion ended with the Battle of Culloden in Scotland. Many Jacobite soldiers were executed. Holker and Moss were imprisoned in London but they escaped

produce a practical product for public use. Baird grew up at Helensburgh in Scotland and studied at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. He suffered from illness throughout his life and was

of numerous roads and harbours in Scotland, and was largely responsible for the engineering of the Caledonian Canal, which linked the east and west coasts of Scotland. In 1808-10 he paid two visits to

Midlands. In 1910 he became managing director of the Arrol-Johnston Car Company at Paisley in southern Scotland and Dorothée, aged 16, took an apprenticeship in the company’s drawing office. At the outbreak of [...] father as a light, compact car with good storage space. The factory, at Kirkcudbright in southern Scotland, was staffed by female workers and apprentices. Pullinger also headed an engineering college for

interest was in the improvement of the steam engine, and after erecting several Newcomen engines in Scotland in 1765-6, he took out his first patent, for the separate condenser, in 1769. He moved to Birmingham