may soon live in peace again. In solidarity with Ukraine, we have removed the descriptions of all Russian sites presented on our website until further notice. ERIH's playlist on YouTube: 'Industrial Heritage

period of Romantic nationalism before the First World War, at a time when Finland formed part of the Russian Empire. It was founded in 1909 on Seurasaari island, close to the centre of Helsinki by the ethnographer

Kazakhstan came under Russian rule around the middle of the 18th century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for the first plants of Russian industry. more LUXEMBOURG [...] Most of the European countries, which continued to depend on farming ... more ESTONIA After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such [...] self-sufficiency and the dominance of foreign powers. more RUSSIA Although the European part of the Russian Empire was rich in raw materials its industrialisation started late, due mainly to the lack of labour

the Germany army and was killed on the Eastern Front. With his mother he fled from his home as the Russian army advanced in 1944, and his home subsequently became part of Poland. The family settled in Neumunster

During the Second World War the Wolfsburg factory produced armaments, many of its workers being Russian prisoners of war, and in 1947 Porsche was imprisoned for a short time by the French occupying authorities

of the Russian aristocrat Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich (1891-1942), and in 1919 established a maison de couture at 31 rue Cambon in Paris. In 1920-21 she provided accommodation for the Russian composer

luxury products. He was born to a Jewish family in Novhorod-Siverskyi, which in 1906 was part of the Russian Empire but is now in Ukraine. His father had a tobacco business in Kiev but in 1911 the family migrated

and subsequently lived openly with a courtesan, Pauline Lachmann (1819-1884), Marquise de Paiva, a Russian Jewess known as La Paiva. He continued to hold rank in the Prussian army and was military governor

Isambard Brunel’s (1806-59) broad gauge. He was involved with the building of railways in Germany, the Russian Empire and Mauritius, and provided advice during the long-sustained construction of the Great Western

Europe: as part of an economically extremely backward empire, Congress Poland primarily served the Russian market, and ultimately became Russia’s most powerful economic region. Industrialisation took an unusual

economically more important. When Finland became part of the economically virtually undeveloped Russian Empire in 1809, a gigantic market was opened up to Finnish entrepreneurs. The nearby capital of St [...] Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great [...] war, ironically sparked by the reparations that Finland was forced to pay the Soviet Union. As the Russian economy demanded primarily metal products, from ships and railroad cars to machine tools, the me

some time in England in the 1820s, and on his return, in 1833-34, he and his son built the first Russian steam locomotive which was set to work on a railway with cast-iron track that served a copper mine

export products such as clothing, shoes and steel remains low. The country is still dependent on Russian natural gas, and over 20 % of Bulgarians live below the poverty line. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy

cars since 1968 under license from Renault; aircraft production was expanded in cooperation with Russian, and also British and French companies; and at the end of the 1970s, Romania was even exporting offshore

of establishing a cotton factory for Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825) and distributing Bibles in the Russian language. He visited Finland in 1819 and subsequently gained permission to build a water-powered

iron cladding for wooden warships and gun carriages for naval cannon. His involvement with the Russian Empire began in 1868 when the Millwall Ironworks was commission to do work at the imperial fortress [...] associated collieries, brickworks, forges and rolling mills. By 1914 it was the largest ironworks in the Russian Empire. After he died, in St Petersburg, the works was managed by his sons, who, with most other

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA Listen Although the European part of the Russian Empire was rich in raw materials its industrialisation started late, due mainly to the lack of labour and capital caused [...] for demonstration purposes in 1837 and was followed by a link between Warsaw, at that time under Russian rule, and the Austro-Hungarian border. From 1851 trains ran between St. Petersburg and Moscow. These [...] hard coal increased, as did iron and steel production, and towards the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ESTONIA Listen After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such as the saw mill in Räpina, glass works

was quite similar to Estonia’s: in the 19th century, both countries were under the rule of the Russian czars, and both lacked classical raw materials such as coal and iron ore. But the abolition of serfdom [...] provinces” of Livonia, Courland and Estonia were more industrialised than any other part of the Russian Empire. Yet agriculture remained the most important economic sector – and here as well, Latvia and [...] productivity in the Empire. The war left behind great devastation, and beyond that, the withdrawing Russians dismantled a large portion of the factories when Latvia gained independence in 1918. However, the

raw materials, but Lithuania remained an agricultural country the longest. Since 1795, when the Russian Czars annexed it into their empire following the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian union, Lithuania [...] operations. After the Second World War, with its widespread devastation, Lithuania once again fell under Russian rule. Unlike in the other socialist countries, the Soviet government did not initially force the [...] Moscow located many labour-intensive industries in the Balkans, which resulted in a massive influx of Russian workers. As a consequence, the Baltic republics felt threatened in their ethnic identity. Lithuania