St. Petersburg to Warsaw, the capital of Russian “Congress Poland”, intersected the country. This was followed by a branch connecting Daugavpils in then Russian Latvia, with Polotsk and Vitebsk, and finally [...] manufacture, is available in plenty. Thus, in the 19th century – when the country was part of the Russian Empire – only a few factories were established to process “home-grown” raw materials. The first steam [...] sewing machines and synthetic fibres, glass and textiles. The harvester factory founded in Homel (Russian Gomel) in 1930 remains in business today. World War II was a catastrophe that claimed over two million
in 1862 he moved to Kharkiv. In 1866, he founded one of the first private commercial banks in the Russian Empire, the Kharkiv Mutual Credit Society, which was unusual in making short-term loans to small [...] Alchevska, an influential educator, he supported Ukrainian-language education and literacy. During the Russian economic crisis of 1899-1901, Altschewskyj’s requests for loans from the Ministry of Finance were [...] wealth and end his support for Ukrainian nationalism. His assets and companies were seized by the Russian authorities. At the request of his workers, the industrial city of Alchevsk was named in his honour
was quite similar to Estonia’s: in the 19th century, both countries were under the rule of the Russian czars, and both lacked classical raw materials such as coal and iron ore. But the abolition of serfdom [...] provinces” of Livonia, Courland and Estonia were more industrialised than any other part of the Russian Empire. Yet agriculture remained the most important economic sector – and here as well, Latvia and [...] productivity in the Empire. The war left behind great devastation, and beyond that, the withdrawing Russians dismantled a large portion of the factories when Latvia gained independence in 1918. However, the
expand the textile industries in the Russian Empire, bringing his direct knowledge and his connections with English cotton suppliers and machine makers. With the Russian entrepreneur Savva V. Morozov in 1849
Kazakhstan came under Russian rule around the middle of the 18th century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for the first plants of Russian industry. more LUXEMBOURG [...] Most of the European countries, which continued to depend on farming ... more ESTONIA After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such [...] self-sufficiency and the dominance of foreign powers. more RUSSIA Although the European part of the Russian Empire was rich in raw materials its industrialisation started late, due mainly to the lack of labour
iron cladding for wooden warships and gun carriages for naval cannon. His involvement with the Russian Empire began in 1868 when the Millwall Ironworks was commission to do work at the imperial fortress [...] associated collieries, brickworks, forges and rolling mills. By 1914 it was the largest ironworks in the Russian Empire. After he died, in St Petersburg, the works was managed by his sons, who, with most other
railway. From 1834 von Gerstner was commissioned by the Russian Crown to present proposals for a strategic steam-powered railway network to serve the Russian Empire. He designed Russia’s first public railway
lie an abundance of raw materials, was defined by the Tsars and the Soviets. Kazakhstan came under Russian rule around the middle of the 18th century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials [...] mining of coal and a small copper smelter near Karaganda, and coal mining in Ekibastuz. In 1899, a Russian company drilled the first oil well, and from 1908, with the help of foreign investors, the "black [...] the country, and in 1915 the Altai Railway followed in the east. But then the First World War, the Russian Civil War and a famine led to a catastrophe from which the country only recovered very slowly. From
Łódź as a great industrial city. Poznański’s family were textile merchants who moved within the Russian Empire to Łódź when he was an infant. At this time Łódź had a small population but it was growing [...] state encouragement of industry. Inward migration created a multicultural society of Poles, Germans, Russians and Polish Jews like the Poznańskis. While still a teenager Poznański became a rag dealer and then
towns of Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing of cotton and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine c [...] Yerevan – cognac still is Armenia's best-known export today. From 1899 onwards, railways connected the Russian city of Kars (today Turkey) and Tbilisi in Georgia, which also stopped in the Armenian city of Gyumri [...] energy supply, and at the same time a large part of its export markets collapsed. In particular, the Russian military dropped out as a major buyer of armaments. The catastrophic earthquake in 1988 and the wars
raw materials, but Lithuania remained an agricultural country the longest. Since 1795, when the Russian Czars annexed it into their empire following the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian union, Lithuania [...] operations. After the Second World War, with its widespread devastation, Lithuania once again fell under Russian rule. Unlike in the other socialist countries, the Soviet government did not initially force the [...] Moscow located many labour-intensive industries in the Balkans, which resulted in a massive influx of Russian workers. As a consequence, the Baltic republics felt threatened in their ethnic identity. Lithuania
economically more important. When Finland became part of the economically virtually undeveloped Russian Empire in 1809, a gigantic market was opened up to Finnish entrepreneurs. The nearby capital of St [...] Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great [...] war, ironically sparked by the reparations that Finland was forced to pay the Soviet Union. As the Russian economy demanded primarily metal products, from ships and railroad cars to machine tools, the me
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA Listen Although the European part of the Russian Empire was rich in raw materials its industrialisation started late, due mainly to the lack of labour and capital caused [...] for demonstration purposes in 1837 and was followed by a link between Warsaw, at that time under Russian rule, and the Austro-Hungarian border. From 1851 trains ran between St. Petersburg and Moscow. These [...] hard coal increased, as did iron and steel production, and towards the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were
planes and helicopters and later jet engines and gas turbines. The factory was destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The museum contains a unique and impressive display of piston and jet
period of Romantic nationalism before the First World War, at a time when Finland formed part of the Russian Empire. It was founded in 1909 on Seurasaari island, close to the centre of Helsinki by the ethnographer
built the first oil derricks in the Russian Empire to extract Georgian oil. Ludwig Nobel, brother of dynamite inventor Alfred, an oil magnate in (at that time Russian) Baku on the Caspian Sea, had the “black [...] briefly reigned over the country as kings, systematically expanded mining in the 18 th century. The Russian Czars annexed the country to their empire at the start of the 19th century, intensified trade, imported
first tested here. This also includes some not so successful methods, including the use of heavy Russian machinery. The museum presents a wide range of exhibits on the production and use of peat, as well
some time in England in the 1820s, and on his return, in 1833-34, he and his son built the first Russian steam locomotive which was set to work on a railway with cast-iron track that served a copper mine
of the Russian aristocrat Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich (1891-1942), and in 1919 established a maison de couture at 31 rue Cambon in Paris. In 1920-21 she provided accommodation for the Russian composer
