sixfold between 1711 and 1831. In London, it increased by about 130% between 1800 and 1850, and in Paris - where industrialisation began later - it doubled. Nowhere was prepared for the onslaught, and slums
however, is the iron tower built by the engineer Gustave Eiffel in 1889 for the World's Fair in Paris. Engineers gained increasing influence in the building industry alongside architects, who as well
history that spans several centuries. Nogent once delivered luxury goods to wealthy customers in Paris, the museum in St.-Jean-de-Maurienne in the French Jura, set up in a former plant of the Opinel family
precursor of the huge department stores was "Les Halles", the huge and legendary market halls in Paris which were built in the middle of the 19th century. The town planner, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who [...] were sold in so-called passages. These were lines of shops in a glass-covered gallery, at first in Paris and London and later in Brussels, Berlin and other major cities. Around the turn of the 20th century [...] in France, from around the middle of the 19th century, were the large permanent circus halls. In Paris the "Cirque d’Hiver" was built right on the Champs Elysées, and the "Cirque Napoléon" was constructed
same time he dammed up the muddy banks of the Thames to create new land for supply pipelines. In Paris the urban planner Georges Haussmann, who had started to radically redesign the inner city in a re
until the 1850s that the entire country was opened up with a network of lines radiating out from Paris, plus cross connections between Bordeaux and Lyon, for example, or Calais and Basel. Now industrialisation [...] mechanised and factory-based production began. The service sector also flourished: Bon Marché"opened in Paris the first of its chain of world-famous department stores. The brothers Émile and Isaac Pereire, bitter [...] industrial car production had also started in France. Panhard and Lévassor started building cars in Paris in 1886. Three years later, Renault opened its doors in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt, Peugeot followed
transported from the region around Mons through a newly built canal to Condé in northern France and on to Paris. In Ghent, the spindles were whirring on the first cotton spinning machine: the entrepreneur Lievens
Hangar Y in the Forêt de Meudon near Paris was constructed between 1879 and 1884 for the dirigible La France by Charles Renard (1847-1905) and Arthur Constantin Krebs (1850-1935), and is reckoned the first [...] first of its kind in the world. Its metal doors were designed by Henri de Dion (1828-78) for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878. The hangar is 70m long, 24 m wide and 20m high. It formed part of a
several Swiss lines. Over 20 passenger coaches are maintained; one by Chevalier, Chailus and Son in Paris for the Lausanne-Bercher railway dates from as early as 1865. There are also many examples of goods
acquired in poor condition, such as the Renault pickup dating from 1914 that Lundkvist brought from Paris and restored himself. An additional store contains vehicles that are still awaiting restoration.
Monnaie de Paris is the oldest continuing institution in France, created in the year 864 as a royal mint. Coins were made initially with hand-stamps, then from the 17th century with screw presses. The
of a thousand chimneys’. Cavrois specialised in high-quality fabrics for the fashion industry of Paris. When he built his house he departed from traditional bourgeois villa architecture and chose the French
, the Grand Palais is part of the 'Banks of the Seine' World Heritage site. It was built for the Paris world’s fair of 1900: the Exposition Universelle. Following an architectural competition, the building [...] The interiors were an exercise in Art Nouveau. The exposition site covered 112 hectares in central Paris and included specialist exhibitions, national pavilions and the Eiffel Tower. The Grand Palais was
over the world. The area manufactured weapons for the French Revolution, pipelines for Madrid and Paris, and components for building the Eiffel Tower. Visitors can find out how this came about in the e
In 1938, Ford opened a new purpose-built factory at Poissy, less than 20 km from Paris. Over the following eighty years, the area became renowned for its car industry: manufacturers with factories there
them employed more than a thousand people. Their porcelain was skilfully marked through outlets in Paris, Vienna and Budapest. Čžjžek left the porcelain company in 1875 after disagreements with his relations
) ordered that she should be protected after the liberation of Paris in 1944. She spent the next decade in Switzerland returning to Paris to re-establish her maison de couture in 1954, and living for the [...] Duke Dimitri Pavlovich (1891-1942), and in 1919 established a maison de couture at 31 rue Cambon in Paris. In 1920-21 she provided accommodation for the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and gave
resulted in the adoption of their ‘standard’ gauge of 1,435mm. He was awarded the gold medal of the Paris Exhibition in 1855 and honoured in Belgium and Norway among other countries.
