Mannheim in the state of Baden and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to a goldsmith. When he was in his mid-20s he opened his own goldsmith’s shop in Mannheim. In 1848 he saw opportunities in the development [...] a programme of street lighting. The by-products of coal-gas were being explored by chemists in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1856, William Perkin in Britain had discovered the potential to make synthetic
Leo Baekeland was a Belgian chemist whose researches did much to shape the material culture of the mid-20th century. He read chemistry at the University of Ghent, and continued his studies in Great Britain [...] plugs, jewellery, cameras, ash trays, fountain pens and many other characteristic artefacts of the mid-20th century. Baekeland established the General Bakelite Co in the United States in 1909, and sold
window glass. Its range of products was enlarged on the advice of French and Belgian experts in the mid-19th century to include table wares, and it remains the oldest glassworks still in production in Finland
Woollen cloth was manufactured in cottages across large parts of North and Mid-Wales before the Industrial Revolution, and in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century numerous small-scale water-powered
HISTORY OF FINLAND Listen Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation, which started in the mid-20th century, is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests, which deliver [...] tenants subsisting on the bare minimum. A modest tradition of iron-working emerged as far back as the mid-17th century, when Finland still belonged to Sweden: as both labour and charcoal as fuel were available [...] an exemption from tariffs, the city of Tampere developed into a significant industrial centre. By mid-century, the cotton factory founded by Scottish entrepreneur James Finlayson alone employed around
19 th -century travelling shows and permanent ‘Luna Parks’ to the technological advances since the mid-20 th century. The displays include original artefacts, models, posters, photographs and videos. It
design drawings by the first architect, Giuseppe De Min. A large-scale model shows the town in the mid-1960s. Other models show plants owned by the company elsewhere.
offers visitors the chance to discover ‘the city below the city’. Tours have been offered since the mid-19 th century of the sewers of the French capital. Parisian sanitation has evolved from the Roman era
floors of a timber barn. Downstairs and outside are around 120 tractors and excavators, mainly from the mid-20 th century. Some are famous models used across the world and others are rare survivors. They include
the French Revolution but a new forge was built in 1815 and a blast furnace soon afterwards. By the mid-1850s there were three furnaces, a foundry, a refinery and a slitting mill for making bar iron and
The origins of Elisabethfehn are closely related to the construction of the Hunte-Ems-Canal in the mid 19th century. The village evolved thanks to the cultivation of the vast wetlands in northwestern Germany
on a train, to explore the working face of the mine, and to eat underground the typical lunch of a mid-20th century miner. On the surface there are buildings where oil-bearing shale was separated from other
a window dresser at La Rinascente (‘the re-birth’) in Milan, a prestigious shop established in the mid-nineteenth century by Bocconi Bros, next to the Piazza del Duomo, which had been celebrated by the [...] a window dresser at La Rinascente (‘the re-birth’) in Milan, a prestigious shop established in the mid-nineteenth century by Bocconi Bros, next to the Piazza del Duomo, which had been celebrated by the
demonstrates developments in the printing industry from the beginning of the 19th century right up to the mid-1970s with the help of printing workshops and numerous working historical machines.
factory. A museum was opened in the building in 1997. Visitors can see how clothing was made in the mid-twentieth century in rooms filled with ranks of sewing machines, rolls of fabric and reels of thread
mine at Falun in 1693 that attracted the attention of mining engineers from all over Europe. In the mid-1690s he studied in Germany, the Netherland, France and England, and in 1697, after his return, established
Manuel Pinto de Azevedo became one of the leading industrialists and entrepreneurs of Portugal in the mid-twentieth century. He worked his way up from a position as a factory employee to build a group of cotton
by origin a maker of lenses, was one of the leaders of the photographic industry in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century, and in the twentieth century the successors to the company he founded provided
Born and educated in Denmark, Knud Graah developed cotton mills in the Norwegian capital in the mid-nineteenth century and ran them and other businesses for six decades. Knud Graah’s older brother David
