region was the city of Donezk, which developed from an ironworks belonging to the Welsh industrialist John Hughes and was thus originally called Yuzovka. The capital for this boom came mainly from abroad,

acid vapours were collected in vessels with water and distilled. In 1746, the English entrepreneur John Roebuck introduced lead chambers to collect the vapours. Production could now easily be increased [...] researchers were able to identify active ingredients with increasing precision. As early as the 1840s, John Bennet Lawes in England and Justus Liebig in Germany had identified the substances on which plant

1837 by John Deere - later to become a major name in agricultural machinery - because the conventional cast steel ploughs had failed in the hard soils of the American West. In 1858, the Briton John Fowler [...] Berry developed the first self-propelled combine harvester in the USA. And in 1889, American inventor John Charter unveiled a petrol-powered tractor - but it was slow to catch on. In Western Europe in particular [...] many severe famines, seemed to have come to an end. Almost at the same time, the British researcher John Bennet Lawes applied for a patent for his 'superphosphate', the first artificial fertiliser. The decisive

state railways was built in the gardens behind St. Peter's Basilica. The first pope to use it was John-Paul XXIII in 1962. In the meantime, tourist excursions to the papal summer palace in Castel Gandolfo

through a wide range of laws and decrees – even the Grand Masters of the Order of the Knights of St John, which had relocated its headquarters from Rhodes in 1530 in the face of the advancing Ottoman threat [...] squeezed the Maltese producers out of the market. Following the arrival of the Order of the Knights of St John, maritime-related trades gained in importance, particularly ship maintenance and repair. The order

turn of the century. Further improvements soon made driving more comfortable. In 1888 an Irish vet, John Boyd Dunlop, invented rubber tyres (at first for bicycles); in 1902 the German company Robert Bosch

they simply twisted thin silk thread into strong yarn. One of the forerunners of mechanisation was John Kay’s flying shuttle which he invented in 1733. This speeded up weaving considerably as the weavers [...] hand, before stretching and twisting them. In the 1730s two inventors by the name of Lewis Paul and John Wyatt developed a machine with two sets of differential rollers which were able to draw out the strands

Góry). The first coke-fired blast furnace went into operation in Gleiwitz (Gliwice) in 1796. Scotsman John Baildon introduced British puddle furnaces in Katowice which produced extremely tough wrought iron

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the engine of industrialisation. The beginning of this was the “flying weaver’s shuttle” invented by John Kay in 1733. This meant that weavers no longer pulled through the warp threads by hand, but shot them

machine in Verviers, after which he set up a machine factory in Liège. A few years later, his son John started iron production very successfully in nearby Seraing on the Sambre. "Cockerill-Sambre" still

after he went as an observer to the American Civil War. In Minnesota he met the German-born balloonist John Steiner and made an aerial ascent in a tethered hot-air balloon. Having taking part in the Austro-Prussian

migrated to Sweden from Germany. While in his twenties he visited London and attended lectures by John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744), experimental assistant to Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726-27) who

Blücher , in 1814 for Killingworth colliery. This improved on the earlier work of Richard Trevithick and John Blenkinsop to make a more reliable locomotive. In 1815, he invented a safety lamp for use in mines

capital. James Watt designed engines for them, Boulton & Watt supplied parts and the British ironmaster John Wilkinson supplied cast-iron water mains. Smaller pipes of wood and other engine parts were made in

1787 he found work in a mechanic’s shop in Stockton-on-Tees and two years later he went to assist John Marshall develop flax-spinning machinery for a new factory at Leeds. Murray patented inventions for [...] operation. The engine ran on the Middleton Railway at Leeds using the rack-railway system developed by John Blenkinsop. Trevithick’s locomotive on the Merthyr Tramroad in south Wales previously showed the potential

He brought equipment, a locomotive and expert workers from Britain, including the factory manager John Haswell. At the same time he directed construction of the steam-operated Vienna-Gloggnitz Railway

when techniques were developed to make chlorine as a biproduct in the Leblanc process. Tennant’s son John led Charles Tennant and Company for the next 40 years and it continues today.

(originally John James, 1747–1826). Stephens was born in Cornwall, England, where his father was a schoolteacher. At the age of around 15, after his parents died, he went to work with his uncle, John Stephens [...] south of Lisbon in 1719 and was relocated to Marinha Grande in around 1747 by the Irish glass-maker John Beare to use local supplies of sand and charcoal. Stephens expanded the works with finance from Pombal

happened during her own lifetime. She had many contacts with John Fletcher (Jean Guillaume de la Flechere, 1729-1785), vicar of Madeley, and John Wesley’s designated successor as leader of the Wesleyan Methodist [...] Maude, daughter of a wealthy family of Quakers at Bishopswearmouth, Sunderland. Her first marriage, to John Sinclair, ended with the death of her husband in 1737. She met Abraham Darby in 1745 and married him