Ukraine World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Ukraine? Heinrich Böll Stiftung Kyiv: Soviet Economic Integration or Industrial Colonialism? Boryslaw. Oil Fields Ukraine was a union republic of the

industrialised than any other part of the Russian Empire. Yet agriculture remained the most important economic sector – and here as well, Latvia and Estonia achieved the highest productivity in the Empire. The

establishment of saw mills, leatherworking and paper factories. As in many parts of Russia, greater economic growth did not occur until the abolition of serfdom under Alexander II in 1861 and the construction

most important economic factor at the end of the 1970s, Finnish companies have increasingly concentrated on exporting leading-edge digital technology. Related Links ERIH Link List An Economic History of Finland [...] gradient to drive water wheels or turbines. Nor could agriculture play any significant role in economic development: although Finland’s farmers were never serfs, the handful of owners of large, profitable [...] became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great crisis of 1929, much better than many western nations;

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ROMANIA Listen Romania’s economic history was shaped by the tensions between its extremely passionate striving toward self-sufficiency and the dominance of foreign powers.

fought not only for democratic rights but also for a fundamental transformation of the capitalist economic system, whether through reform or revolutionary means. Germany, with its high level of organisation

NAZI AND OTHER FORCED LABOUR Listen Forced labour is difficult to distinguish from other forms of economic exploitation. In pre-industrial times, it can be understood as the corvée labour that European peasants [...] In a narrower sense, "forced labour" is defined as the deprivation of liberty for the purpose of economic exploitation of a prisoner, often linked to political re-education and often based on social, ethnic [...] each year from malnutrition and exhaustion. Despite this, the Gulag system was seen as an important economic factor. After Stalin's death in 1953, the Gulag was officially abolished, but some camps remained

and their complex effects - and even longer to combat them, which has been massively hampered by economic interests. There is evidence of the environmental damage caused by the large-scale proto-industrial [...] the pollution further away was largely ignored. In the first half of the 20th century, wars and economic crises hampered research into environmental degradation, let alone the fight against it. In the

research institute. The breeding of poultry, pigs and cattle has now been radically optimised for economic exploitation: The "single purpose animal" was simply supposed to produce a lot of meat (or a lot

20th century, Berlin had evolved into one of the largest industrial centres of Europe. The leading economic sectors were ... more Euregio Meuse-Rhine The three-nation region around Liège, Maastricht and Aachen [...] not resemble an industrial area in the slightest. That said, it is indeed an industrial area whose economic roots ... more Saar-Lor-Lux For centuries the region along the Saar, Lorraine and Luxembourg has

the immense influx of capital from the slave economy in the 18th century boosted the economy. Two economic historians have published one of the few detailed studies of the Netherlands: According to them

today's European welfare state. It was on this basis that modern Europe was built, with its great economic prosperity and high standards of social and medical care. Every town, every industrial monument

centuries of extreme exploitation of the serfs and the nobility’s lack of interest in innovative economic projects. Thus, the task of developing the economy fell solely to the state. Czar Peter the Great [...] had to be imported. Alexander II finally eliminated serfdom in 1861, but this did not result in economic growth because the peasants remained dependent on the noble landowners, and in the mines of the [...] seized power in 1918. From 1929, Stalin started to replace Lenin’s experiment of the liberal “New Economic Policy” in favour of one of uncompromising industrialisation. Steelmaking and coal mining – in the

No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival. In 1861, the now legendary casino was opened, and a few years later the reigning prince

colonies. The decline of Spanish power starting from the 17th century ushered in a long period of economic stagnation. Agriculture remained primitive, with the land fragmented into miniscule plots where [...] Puerto Rico and Cuba remained of the former colonial empire - the latter developed into an important economic factor thanks to the rapidly expanding sugar cane plantations: in 1860, Cuba's ultra-modern sugar [...] country for investors, enabling a thorough modernisation of the industrial sector. The “Spanish Economic Miracle” which followed in the 1960s was due in large part to foreign auto makers like Fiat and

aluminium smelter, chemical and textile plants were established before World War II, contributed to economic diversification. The construction of a large hydroelectric plant at Mingǝçevir Reservoir in 1948 [...] other former Soviet republics that remain dependent on subsidised energy supplies from the socialist economic network. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan

years old, but the high mountains and deep valleys of the Lesser Caucasus are a major obstacle to economic development. Arable land is scarce, in the mountains only a few mineral resources are found and [...] the 18th century, mining began on a larger scale, especially in the towns of Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing [...] became part of the Soviet Union, which initiated the industrialisation programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant

valued far beyond the Soviet Union. Moldova's agriculture soon became one of the most productive economic sectors in the Soviet Union. At the same time, machine and tractor construction plants as well as [...] supply of energy and raw materials from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe economic crisis. At the same time, factories for machine and tractor construction as well as factories for [...] and raw material supplies from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe, ongoing economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries

Prishtinë to the Greek trading port of Salonika in 1874 did not bring about any improvement. A modest economic revival only began when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded [...] region in the poor south of the state did not begin until the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of [...] which led to the Kosovo war and finally to the country's declaration of independence in 2008, the economic crisis worsened. Related Link WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kosovo Mitrovica. Trepça mine Kosovo was part

seek work in neighbouring countries, or to emigrate. The key to the country’s subsequent successful economic development is that the Principality sought a close relationship with its neighbour to the west