today's European welfare state. It was on this basis that modern Europe was built, with its great economic prosperity and high standards of social and medical care. Every town, every industrial monument

centuries of extreme exploitation of the serfs and the nobility’s lack of interest in innovative economic projects. Thus, the task of developing the economy fell solely to the state. Czar Peter the Great [...] had to be imported. Alexander II finally eliminated serfdom in 1861, but this did not result in economic growth because the peasants remained dependent on the noble landowners, and in the mines of the [...] seized power in 1918. From 1929, Stalin started to replace Lenin’s experiment of the liberal “New Economic Policy” in favour of one of uncompromising industrialisation. Steelmaking and coal mining – in the

aluminium smelter, chemical and textile plants were established before World War II, contributed to economic diversification. The construction of a large hydroelectric plant at Mingǝçevir Reservoir in 1948 [...] Volga-Ural region and later in Siberia, but oil and gas remained the country’s most important products economically. Consequently, the breakup of the Soviet Union plunged Azerbaijan into a series of disputes with [...] other former Soviet republics that remain dependent on subsidised energy supplies from the socialist economic network. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan

between Dublin and Wicklow, and shortly after that to all the larger towns. Irish engineers designed economical locomotives and rail carriages, but the dependence on England stifled comprehensive industrialisation:

years old, but the high mountains and deep valleys of the Lesser Caucasus are a major obstacle to economic development. Arable land is scarce, in the mountains only a few mineral resources are found and [...] the 18th century, mining began on a larger scale, especially in the towns of Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing [...] became part of the Soviet Union, which initiated the industrialisation programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant

valued far beyond the Soviet Union. Moldova's agriculture soon became one of the most productive economic sectors in the Soviet Union. At the same time, machine and tractor construction plants as well as [...] supply of energy and raw materials from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe economic crisis. At the same time, factories for machine and tractor construction as well as factories for [...] and raw material supplies from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe, ongoing economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries

Prishtinë to the Greek trading port of Salonika in 1874 did not bring about any improvement. A modest economic revival only began when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded [...] region in the poor south of the state did not begin until the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of [...] which led to the Kosovo war and finally to the country's declaration of independence in 2008, the economic crisis worsened. Related Link WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kosovo Mitrovica. Trepça mine Kosovo was part

seek work in neighbouring countries, or to emigrate. The key to the country’s subsequent successful economic development is that the Principality sought a close relationship with its neighbour to the west

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ANDORRA Listen The Principality of Andorra boasts a unique economic history. On account of its inaccessible location high in the Pyrenees, far from any trade routes, and with [...] century. In 1532, Andorra was granted freedom from customs duties. Until well into modern times, economic activity consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was [...] Spain and France were constructed. Even today, the country is entirely without a railway link. An economic renaissance was eventually sparked by the construction of a hydroelectric plant at Engolasters Lake

Croatia and Banja Luka, today the capital of the Republic of Srpska, was completed in 1872. However, economic progress did not occur until the country was ceded to another occupying power: from 1878 on, Bo [...] exhibited in museums, as “traditional Bosnian” handicrafts. Some historians characterise this type of economic and intellectual exploitation as the Habsburg version of colonialism. Nevertheless, at the start

largest industrial plant. Lead and zinc ore deposits were exploited, and lignite coal was mined. As economic policy primarily promoted the exploitation of mineral resources, light industry grew slowly: re [...] country’s industrial production, amounting to around 5% in 1947, grew to over one third of overall economic output by the 1970s and the number of industrial workers exceeded agricultural employment significantly

People’s Republic of Albania, proclaimed in 1944, sought economic support from its neighbour Yugoslavia and assumed the Soviet Union’s economic model. Landholdings and businesses were nationalised, heavy [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ALBANIA Listen Albania’s economic history is characterised by a fundamental contradiction: the country has valuable natural resources, fertile soil and enormous hydroelectric [...] thanks to new hydroelectric plants. It is believed that this is when the industrial proportion of economic output exceeded that of agriculture – although the statistics do not offer any reliable data. However

massive gaps in the economic plans. These were partly mitigated by special public or private financial support (usually decreasing annually). The overall situation led to economic problems at many sites [...] the development of visitor numbers, the financial situation in general as well as the expected economic result (in contrast to 2021) are assessed by a majority as satisfactory to very good. Measures Among

eponymous city to gain new prestige. In Laguiole, the revitalized sector has boosted a whole, economically neglected region. Sheffield, the centre of British cutlery production and the trade’s undisputed

occupation of this strategically important island by Britain in 1878 finally delivered substantial economic momentum. In the harbours, the government built the first solid quays and opened a narrow-gauge

absolutism. This can still be seen in the gardens and parks around Wörlitz. Early, quasi-industrial economic activities also left their mark on the landscape, even in ancient times. Above all the insatiable

growth ground to a standstill in the 1970s and the now fully industrialised country slid into an economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Serbia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries

cheap everyday product, because new deposits have been opened up and production has been thoroughly economized. The techniques though are basically still the same as in centuries before. A striking example

placement of more stations. This tool, combining techniques from mathematics, information sciences and economics, also has long since been adapted for civilian uses. The same goes for the beginnings of computer [...] evolved from the small worlds of bronze und iron casting into a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary economic sector. In the Second World War, particularly in Germany, a rather unique measure was taken to protect

the cable wheel. New technical developments in ventilation were not put into operation for purely economic reasons. Fresh air was not only needed by the miners underground, it was also necessary to reduce