Poland and particularly Silesia are currently undergoing a process of economic changes, initiated by the social and economic reforms at the end of the 20th century. One of the consequences is the liquidation [...] history of Silesia, hands-on protection of the tangible industrial heritage and education on the economic factors underlying the threat to industrial relics. The most important activity of the Foundation
years old, but the high mountains and deep valleys of the Lesser Caucasus are a major obstacle to economic development. Arable land is scarce, in the mountains only a few mineral resources are found and [...] the 18th century, mining began on a larger scale, especially in the towns of Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing [...] became part of the Soviet Union, which initiated the industrialisation programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ANDORRA Listen The Principality of Andorra boasts a unique economic history. On account of its inaccessible location high in the Pyrenees, far from any trade routes, and with [...] century. In 1532, Andorra was granted freedom from customs duties. Until well into modern times, economic activity consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was [...] Spain and France were constructed. Even today, the country is entirely without a railway link. An economic renaissance was eventually sparked by the construction of a hydroelectric plant at Engolasters Lake
People’s Republic of Albania, proclaimed in 1944, sought economic support from its neighbour Yugoslavia and assumed the Soviet Union’s economic model. Landholdings and businesses were nationalised, heavy [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ALBANIA Listen Albania’s economic history is characterised by a fundamental contradiction: the country has valuable natural resources, fertile soil and enormous hydroelectric [...] thanks to new hydroelectric plants. It is believed that this is when the industrial proportion of economic output exceeded that of agriculture – although the statistics do not offer any reliable data. However
country. In the territory of today’s Austria, the economic transformation did not gain momentum until the so-called "Gründerzeit", the era of rapid economic expansion in German-speaking Europe, dawned in [...] coal mining and textiles in Moravia and the innovative heavy industry of Bohemia became drivers for economic and technical progress. However, industrialisation there brought with it a heightened Czech nationalist [...] form of construction projects such as the famous Viennese "Arbeiterhöfe". By then, the promising economic upswing of the turn of the century was already history, a casualty of the destruction of the First
most important economic factor at the end of the 1970s, Finnish companies have increasingly concentrated on exporting leading-edge digital technology. Related Links ERIH Link List An Economic History of Finland [...] gradient to drive water wheels or turbines. Nor could agriculture play any significant role in economic development: although Finland’s farmers were never serfs, the handful of owners of large, profitable [...] became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great crisis of 1929, much better than many western nations;
centuries of extreme exploitation of the serfs and the nobility’s lack of interest in innovative economic projects. Thus, the task of developing the economy fell solely to the state. Czar Peter the Great [...] had to be imported. Alexander II finally eliminated serfdom in 1861, but this did not result in economic growth because the peasants remained dependent on the noble landowners, and in the mines of the [...] seized power in 1918. From 1929, Stalin started to replace Lenin’s experiment of the liberal “New Economic Policy” in favour of one of uncompromising industrialisation. Steelmaking and coal mining – in the
Prishtinë to the Greek trading port of Salonika in 1874 did not bring about any improvement. A modest economic revival only began when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded [...] region in the poor south of the state did not begin until the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of [...] which led to the Kosovo war and finally to the country's declaration of independence in 2008, the economic crisis worsened. Related Link WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kosovo Mitrovica. Trepça mine Kosovo was part
largest trade bank in the Empire) and the Kharkov Land Bank. Altschewskyj saw opportunities for economic development in the relatively under-developed Donbas coalfield. In 1879 he founded the Altschewskyj [...] influential educator, he supported Ukrainian-language education and literacy. During the Russian economic crisis of 1899-1901, Altschewskyj’s requests for loans from the Ministry of Finance were rejected
Maurice Daumas (1910-84). He began to advocate in use of field evidence in the study of industrial and economic history, an approach that was then novel. In 1971 he was appointed director of studies at the École [...] Napeolonic Empire, but his later studies focussed more broadly on banks, business and the social and economic elites of the nineteenth century. He had a particular interest in Paris. In 1978 he was one of the
valued far beyond the Soviet Union. Moldova's agriculture soon became one of the most productive economic sectors in the Soviet Union. At the same time, machine and tractor construction plants as well as [...] supply of energy and raw materials from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe economic crisis. At the same time, factories for machine and tractor construction as well as factories for [...] and raw material supplies from the disintegrated Soviet Union, has since been in a severe, ongoing economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF BULGARIA Listen Dramatic political upheavals defined Bulgaria’s economic history and for many years impeted the path to industrialisation. Although a textile factory was founded [...] financed by foreign investors. German influence steadily increased from 1934 on, with the result that economic policy was ultimately dominated by Germany. Thus, the transition to a centrally controlled economy [...] money available for the maintenance of housing or transportation infrastructure. Corrections in economic policy failed to materially improve matters. In the 1980s, the government attempted to develop a
time. At the start of the 19th century, widespread modernisation of agriculture led to an initial economic upswing and a growth in population. However, it was policy decisions that laid the foundation for [...] Sweden to the Baltic – it was regarded as a symbol of national efficiency. The canal was not an economic success as it was quickly made redundant by the arrival of the railways. A state railroad construction [...] with the companies Scania, Vabis and Volvo, followed by Saab after the Second World War. In the economic boom after 1945, the Swedish Model, in which the state directs the labour and capital markets with
20th century, Berlin had evolved into one of the largest industrial centres of Europe. The leading economic sectors were ... more Euregio Meuse-Rhine The three-nation region around Liège, Maastricht and Aachen [...] not resemble an industrial area in the slightest. That said, it is indeed an industrial area whose economic roots ... more Saar-Lor-Lux For centuries the region along the Saar, Lorraine and Luxembourg has
The Spoluka mine in the town of Madan in the Rhodope mountains produced a wide range of economic minerals: lead, zinc, gold, silver, copper and cadmium. It was operated by the Bulgarian-Soviet company
grinding the pigments. The technical history of production is placed in its local and international economic and cultural context. The museum offers guided tours and workshops where visitors can learn about
on the other, because the "Golden Age" was followed by a long period of economic stagnation: In the 18th century, important economic sectors such as shipbuilding, fishing and brewing, which had previously [...] bankruptcy. During this crisis, the colony in what is now Indonesia contributed significantly to the economic recovery of the "mother country". With the "cultivation system" introduced in Java in 1830, the [...] Netherlands was better equipped for the next structural change than it had been in previous periods of economic and industrial change. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Netherlands World
exhibition focuses on the interplay between man, nature and the economy. It tells the social and economic history of the region and illustrates the profound changes that industrialisation has brought to
massive gaps in the economic plans. These were partly mitigated by special public or private financial support (usually decreasing annually). The overall situation led to economic problems at many sites [...] the development of visitor numbers, the financial situation in general as well as the expected economic result (in contrast to 2021) are assessed by a majority as satisfactory to very good. Measures Among
