labour. Colonial powers often imposed forced labour on indigenous peoples: In addition to the Spanish, Dutch and French, the British in particular, who after the abolition of slavery in the 19th century, took

Slavery' The Importance of Atlantic Slavery for the 18th Century Dutch Economy (Bosma & Brandon) Slave trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire (Rik van Welie) The industrial revolution was the [...] s: According to them, business with colonial goods from America accounted for about 20% of total Dutch foreign trade around 1770. It was not only trade and shipbuilding in the major ports that made money [...] "Second Industrial Revolution": copper, for example, came from the Belgian Congo, crude oil from Dutch Java, rubber for rubber production from French Indochina. Behind the imperialist sabre-rattling of

integrated into the castle-like courtyards. Striking, creatively designed housing estates were created by Dutch architects influenced by the artist group "De Stijl": Initially often made of traditional bricks and

to secure the supply for his refinery on the Adriatic. In 1892, Marcus Samuel, co-founder of Royal Dutch Shell, dispatched an oil tanker from Batumi on the route to the Far East. This marked the start of

century, major concerns were created in the new industrial areas of electro-technology and chemistry. Dutch and Danish farmers developed new forms of marketing. Organised along cooperative lines, they were

Science Centre Marcinelle (B). Le Bois du Cazier Market Harborough (GB). Foxton Locks Medemblik (NL). Dutch Steam Machine Museum Krayenberggemeinde (D). Merkers Adventure Mine Norrköping (S). Museum of Work

was the Oranian Military Reform at the end of the 16th century: in their fight for independence the Dutch created the first standing army which, due to permanent drill, was ready for combat at any time. The

cheese. Long before the industrial revolution, Great Britain also profited from the experiences of the Dutch. Soon after the first polder had been created, King Charles I commissioned a civil engineer by the [...] Civil War in the 1640s, the country's new leader Oliver Cromwell engaged him once more. When the Dutch began one of their largest land reclamation projects during the period of industrialisation, British [...] continually eroding the land. Indeed in 1836 they even threatened to flood the huge trading capital. The Dutch king Wilhelm I. had the choice of either pumping off the huge amounts of water with windmills which

and traditional trade - not least through the exploitation of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, South America and Southeast Asia. Dutch traded African slaves for the plantations in America, but profited [...] Haarlem line, but was very slow due to the numerous, obstructive waterways and the preference of Dutch investors to invest their capital abroad. Symbolic, but if little consequence, was King Willems I's [...] companies emerged: as a light bulb factory, the "Philips" company was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. The "Dutch artificial silk factory Enka" and the pharmaceutical company "Organon", which later merged with the

aviation pioneers, including the Dutch manufacturer Fokker. Visitors can see a radio room and go onto a viewing platform to watch aircraft landing and taking off. Dutch aircraft on show include the Spyker [...] aircraft in and around two hangers and a reconstruction of the first Schiphol airport terminal, built by Dutch Modernist architects in 1928 for the Amsterdam Olympics. Galleries show photographs, technical manuals

Alsdorf is mining community about 15 kilometres north of Aachen, near the Belgian and Dutch borders, in the former Aachen and South Limburg coalfield. The local mining activity lasted for about 150 years

between 1908 and 1931, worked all over Germany, most famously on the Rheingold express between the Dutch frontier and Basel. The 4-6-2 (2.3.1 in continental notation) locomotive was one of the first in Europe

to members of the royal houses of Germany. In the 1770s and 80s he published catalogues in French, Dutch and German. His awareness of the importance of design and his ability to attract and work with designers

machinery. He began to work in the midlands town of Derby for Thomas Crotchett, who had a silk mill using Dutch machinery. The mill did not make good quality silk and it closed. The leading country in the silk

Zuid-Willemsvaart canal, where he could receive raw materials easily and send out his products. In 1830 a Dutch ban on importing Belgian goods following the Belgian Revolution led Regout to begin manufacturing

outstanding the Garden City style company village in the Netherlands. The son of a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church in Amsterdam, he became a Remondstrant in adult life. After study at the Polytechnische [...] manufacturing techniques in Austria, and in 1869 formed the Nederlandse Gist en Spiritusfabriek (Dutch Yeast and Spirits Makers) in Delft. His factories subsequently diversified into the manufacture of

of Delft in 1955 for his scholarly achievements. He became president-direct of the nationalised Dutch railways in 1947 and served in that position until 1959. He made good use of the economic assistance [...] developed the system of frequent services at regular intervals that has become a characteristic of the Dutch railway system. He advocated electric traction for all but the most lightly-used lines, and steam

opened in 2001, occupies an Art Deco building of 1910 on the site. Heineken took over its principal Dutch rival, the Amstel brewery, in 1968, and acquired a succession of other companies during the 1970s

Cornelius Vermuyden was one of the most talented of Dutch drainage and waterways engineers, and was responsible for transmitting the technologies developed in the Netherlands to Great Britain. He was born

railway system, but the design was used on numerous French locomotives, and on series built for the Dutch and Belgian systems. Arzens had a remarkably rich imagination that has influenced people’s daily lives