Pliny the elder in his "Natural History". The beginnings of many famous salt works which flourished for centuries lie in the early Middle Ages: Wielicka in Poland for instance, Lüneburg in Northern Germany [...] was well known in the early civilisations of Mesopotamia and Egypt and in antiquity was already produced on a proto-industrial scale. Apparently, the people of what is now Hallstatt in Austria were the [...] The most influential innovation in medieval salt production was the invention of leaching. Presumably it was used for the first time in Hallein in Austria's Salzkammergut: in the mine a space carved out of

abolition of serfdom in the Latvian regions of Livonia and Courland at the start of the century freed up an enormous labour force, and the first factories emerged in the cities. In Riga in particular, textile [...] further round of industrialisation. Starting in 1860, trains on the line from St. Petersburg and Warsaw stopped in Daugavpils, with Riga added in 1861. In the following years, the Russo-Balt Wagon Factory [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LATVIA Listen Latvia’s industrialisation was quite similar to Estonia’s: in the 19th century, both countries were under the rule of the Russian czars, and both lacked classical

constructed in Salihorsk, one of the brand new suburbs, while a gigantic oil refinery was built in Navapolazk. The calculator factory MZVM opened in Minsk in 1958, the very first computer manufacturer in the Soviet [...] carbonate), used in making fertilisers and in glass manufacture, is available in plenty. Thus, in the 19th century – when the country was part of the Russian Empire – only a few factories were established [...] founded in Homel (Russian Gomel) in 1930 remains in business today. World War II was a catastrophe that claimed over two million lives and destroyed over 80% of all factories. In the course of reconstruction

deposits was discovered: the copper deposits in Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF FINLAND Listen Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation, which started in the mid-20th century, is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests [...] as both labour and charcoal as fuel were available in abundance, Swedish iron ore was refined in Finnish iron works. However, the use of wood as fuel, in saw mills and for the production of tar, was economically

working emerged, but the strongest growth occurred in the area of oil production. In the region of Ploieʂti, where the first well went into production in 1858, more drilling rigs were built, and new oil [...] and the machinery sector expanded, and an aircraft factory even opened in Braʂow in 1925, but foreign debt continued to increase. In the course of the 1930s, Romania became increasingly dependent on Nazi [...] unemployment faded to nothing and industrial production exploded. The infrastructure was expanded as well: the Danube bridge between Giurgiu and Russe in Bulgaria opened in 1954. However, the massive Black

called for industrial action. In the 1810s, handloom weavers in Glasgow, spinners in Manchester and miners in Northumberland went on strike. In 1824 they succeeded in overturning the ban on coalitions [...] the majority of the workforce in cotton mills. Child labour was gradually restricted in most European countries - in Prussia in 1839 under pressure from the military, which feared for the supply of suitable [...] fought for higher wages, although in many countries they were still closely monitored: They were not fully legalised in Britain until 1882 and in France until 1884. In the last third of the 19th century

was conscripted in all occupied countries: First in the Czech Republic and Poland, then in Western Europe, with Russians and Poles eventually forming the vast majority. On farms and in private households [...] labourers was established in the Soviet Union in 1919, and by 1930 a network of more than 200 labour camps had been set up in the north of the USSR and in Siberia. The name "Gulag", by which it became known, stands [...] THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: NAZI AND OTHER FORCED LABOUR Listen Forced labour is difficult to distinguish from other forms of economic exploitation. In pre-industrial times, it can be understood

against it. In the rivers of Europe's mining and industrial regions, whether the Tawe in Wales, the Rio Tinto in Spain or the Emscher in the Ruhr, pollution and fish kills were obvious, but industrial effluent [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: DESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Listen With the industrial revolution, humans have set in motion an ongoing, seemingly unstoppable process of ecological [...] as well. In the 17th century, observers in London - including William Shakespeare - linked the smell of sulphur in the city to the burning of coal in breweries and lime kilns: sulphurous gases in the air

technical prerequisite for industrialised murder. In January 1942, the SS had a gas chamber built in Auschwitz-Birkenau, followed by a second one in June, after which the capacity was gradually increased. The [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INDUSTRIALISED GENOCIDE Listen The systematic mass murder of Jews and Roma and Sinti during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany is often characterised with [...] could only be carried out using industrial processes. In the course of 1941, the Nazi leadership decided that the so-called "final solution" to the "Jewish question", which had been discussed for decades

became widespread in England. First in textile mills, which produced gas on site from coal, then for street lighting: cities built huge cylindrical gas tanks in central gas works, from which "town gas" was [...] bleaching powder available - practical for industrial use, but extremely harmful to health in production. Since its discovery in 1709, coke has been used in the iron industry for its high calorific value [...] from coal-rich regions were also used. In the second half of the 19th century, during the "second industrial revolution", chemistry became the leading industrial sector alongside electrical engineering

INDUSTRIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Listen The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the first steps in a long-term 'agricultural revolution' that began in Britain in the 18th century and continued into the 20th [...] of meat (or a lot of milk). In addition to targeted breeding, artificial insemination, which had been developed in the Soviet Union and was quickly adopted in other countries, was also used for this purpose [...] was developed in 1837 by John Deere - later to become a major name in agricultural machinery - because the conventional cast steel ploughs had failed in the hard soils of the American West. In 1858, the Briton

enrich the Region. more Regional Routes in Spain South Wales Wales played a leading role in the formative years of the Industrial Revolution in the production of iron and steel, tinplate and coal. more [...] OPEN UP THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF A REGION Listen In many European regions there are few industrial heritage sites with touristic potential. Each of this regions has its own specialisms. In this respect [...] European industrial history. Germany's Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South Wales, a key region in the "world's first industrial nation". Both these areas comprise a number of less significant industrial monuments

association , which has around 350 members in 27 countries . Over 100 member sites are Anchor Points , sites of exceptional historical significance in terms of industrial heritage which also offer a high [...] - YOUR GUIDE TO EUROPE'S INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Listen ERIH IN BRIEF ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage , is the tourism information network of industrial heritage in Europe. The network is managed [...] at the industrial history of landscapes that have been particularly affected by industrialisation. In total, we present on our website more than 2,400 sites of interest from all European countries . All

and textile factories, has found new appreciation in the course of debates on post-colonialism. At least for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, concrete connections have now been proven: [...] America in the 18th century - more than any other nation. Proceeds from this flowed into the expanding industrial districts of northern England and Wales. In the industrialisation of Germany in the 19th [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SLAVERY AND COLONIALIMS Listen For some 75 years, historians have argued about the role that slavery and colonialism played in industrialisation. The key

with practical project work. In preparation of the Summer School, the participants visit an industrial heritage site in their home country – preferably an ERIH site – which they present to their fellow [...] fellow students during their stay in Berlin. The first week of the Summer School focuses on acquiring knowledge about industrial heritage in its broadest sense. In the second part, small groups of students work [...] by exciting excursions to industrial heritage sites in Berlin. The 'European Industrial Heritage Summer School' is a joint program of ERIH, the Berlin Centre for Industrial Heritage (bzi) and the University

factories in different countries, making huge profits, and thousands of workers migrated to the emerging industrial areas. Trade unions successfully fought for workers' rights, which became embedded in today's [...] unaware of this. The close-knit network of European industrial regions, which continue to inspire and strengthen each other, is something that most industrial monuments and attractions today do little to show [...] Programme, which recognises the network's contribution to the conservation and presentation of Europe's industrial heritage. This funding has enabled the production of this brochure, which aims to encourage

Listen The conservation and management of industrial heritage requires a wide range of knowledge and skills. Industrial heritage is more than just industrial buildings and machinery, the "tangible" remains [...] different countries. It was also a platform for sharing and critically discussing experiences in the field of knowledge transfer and succession planning. You will find a summary of the presentations in our November [...] is in danger of being lost over time. Today, heritage organisations are increasingly facing the retirement of their first generation of professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MONACO Listen The principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi family since 1297. They were stripped of their power during the French Revolution, but in 1861 France restored [...] the village of La Turbie. Last but not least, the annual Grand Prix, which, since the first race in 1929, past the former old gasworks in the hairpin bend called the "Gazomètre". The Grand Prix, is one of [...] A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival. In 1861, the now legendary casino was opened, and a few years

host rock, was also in demand in the Moorish era - and likewise in the subsequent heyday of the Spanish empire, which developed through the exploitation of the precious metal wealth in the South American [...] thorough modernisation of the industrial sector. The “Spanish Economic Miracle” which followed in the 1960s was due in large part to foreign auto makers like Fiat and Renault, which significantly expanded their [...] banned slavery, and in 1898 Cuba also became independent. In Spain itself, the first surge of industrialisation came when the first cotton factory to run on steam power opened in Barcelona in 1832. Mechanical

avoid industrial mass products. And the curved, organic forms of the "Art Nouveau" - in Germany "Jugendstil" - which was widespread throughout Europe, were readily realised in iron and glass - even in industrial [...] of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage combined cast-iron columns and T-beams with load-bearing masonry. In a fish [...] terminus in 1873. The most famous symbol of the time, however, is the iron tower built by the engineer Gustave Eiffel in 1889 for the World's Fair in Paris. Engineers gained increasing influence in the building