ON THE HISTORY OF PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Listen Domestic handmade textile production was typical for the pre-industrial age. The father sat at the loom and the women of the family were responsible [...] a "Verleger") delivered the raw material and organised sales, often over considerable distances. Textile manufacture was the leading industry in Europe: from the 16th century onwards it was basically organised [...] groups of workers were concentrated in so-called "manufactories". Although this also applied to textiles, it was more common in glass and salt production, ironworks and hammer works. In France, Royal
for plants, potassium salts are particularly needed to synthesize fertilizers, but also for soap-, textile- and paper-production. The world's largest resources of pure potassium salt are to be found in a
an enormous labour force, and the first factories emerged in the cities. In Riga in particular, textile, wood, metal-working and tobacco-processing enterprises flourished. Railroad construction triggered [...] into operation and the enterprise RAF quickly made a name for itself in minibuses. Wood processing, textiles and paper manufacturing also expanded. In the 1960s the Baltic republics covered a major portion
were established to process “home-grown” raw materials. The first steam engine was installed in a textile mill in the 1820s, and the subsequent years of the century mainly saw the establishment of saw mills [...] the industrial base: new plants now manufactured sewing machines and synthetic fibres, glass and textiles. The harvester factory founded in Homel (Russian Gomel) in 1930 remains in business today. World
construction timber and firewood, food, and iron products. From the 1820s on, the first Finnish textile factories appeared. Driven by the availability of water power and an exemption from tariffs, the
growth of industry. Up until World War I, typical “entry-level” industries such as food production, textile manufacturing and wood- and metal working emerged, but the strongest growth occurred in the area [...] extended no credit to farmers, and even imposed export tariffs on grain to promote domestic industry. Textile production, petrochemicals and the machinery sector expanded, and an aircraft factory even opened
equipment, causing serious health problems and even death. Female prisoners were mainly employed in the textile industry, for example in the production of tights and bed linen. Here, too, the pressure to perform [...] products of forced labour were often exported to West Germany in exchange for foreign currency: Textiles, cameras, furniture and other items ended up on Western rummage tables and in mail-order catalogues
INDUSTRY Listen The emergence of the chemical industry was triggered by the mechanisation of English textile production in the second half of the 18th century. The output of the new spinning and weaving machines [...] bleaching, but was also a basic material for the production of glass and soap, which was also needed for textile processing. For a long time it was produced according to a principle patented by the French chemist [...] by-products. Chlorine also became an industrial product early on, thanks to its ability to bleach textiles - including rags used in paper production. The first effective bleaching agent was produced by a
and Steel Landscapes Mining Paper Production and Manufacturing Salt Service and Leisure Industry Textiles Transport Water Xtra: Company Museums and Factory Tours Xtra: UNESCO World Heritage Sites + – Shrink
d by slaves, such as sugar, coffee and tobacco, provided the capital for the new coal mines and textile factories, has found new appreciation in the course of debates on post-colonialism. At least for [...] then the local market was flooded with machine-woven fabrics, ruining the centuries-old Indian textile industry. Instead of sugar and coffee as consumer goods, European entrepreneurs now imported huge
today, and also in Tula, near Moscow, the Czar established a tradition of armament manufacture. Textile manufacturing flourished as well. Flax production prosperedin Ivanovo, later known as “Russia’s [...] completed in 1916. St. Petersburg developed into a centre for machinery manufacturing, while the textile industry in particular flourished in Moscow. Yet outside of these two rapidly growing metropolises
Mechanical looms soon followed, and the Catalonian metropolis rapidly became the heart of a major textile region that also attracted chemical and metalworking businesses. Further impetus came in 1868: in [...] to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while the Catalan textile industry, consisting of smaller workshops, collapsed. Although not yet entirely adapted to the global
workforce in the Renaissance tradition, but failed to realise it. More successful was Titus Salt, also a textile manufacturer, who had the "Saltaire" settlement built for his employees in West Yorkshire in 1851
key material, and concrete. Iron constructions were used to reduce the risk of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage
north-south axis of the island. Belfast developed into a centre for trade, attracting first the textile merchants and then the banks – an early example of the divide between the predominantly English/ [...] economy dominated the Irish market with technical products, but imported only food products and textiles from Ireland. When the Irish Free State, later to become the Republic of Ireland, was founded in [...] foreign investors. As wages too were very low, businesses in labour-intensive industries such as textile and shoe production and plastics processing soon set up shop. Following Ireland’s accession to the
Kutaisi. A cooperative for silk manufacturing was also founded there, and Tbilisi saw the opening of textile plants and processors of foods such as tea, grapes and citrus fruits. However, the transient successes
1947. The industrial region of Kirovabad (today Gǝncǝ), where an aluminium smelter, chemical and textile plants were established before World War II, contributed to economic diversification. The construction [...] which became a centre of light industry, primarily the production of construction materials and textiles. North of Baku, with its innumerable oil refineries, the town of Sumqayıt was founded in 1949. This
combines sprang up, factories for mechanical engineering and armaments were opened, and enterprises for textiles, shoe and food production were established. The aluminium smelter in Yerevan developed into one
Soviet Union. At the same time, machine and tractor construction plants as well as factories for textiles and electrical appliances were built in the larger cities. Heavy industry was concentrated east [...] 1964. In Rîbniţa, a large cement factory opened its doors in 1961 and a steelworks in 1985. The textile manufacturer "Tirotex" was founded in Tiraspol. Right up to the present, the country's most important [...] crisis. At the same time, factories for machine and tractor construction as well as factories for textiles and electrical appliances were built in the larger cities. Heavy industry, on the other hand, was
