powerful English economy drew even closer. The country enjoyed a brief upswing sparked by Napoleon’s Continental Blockade, before being plunged into the worst disaster in its history: the Great Famine [...] culminating in the construction of the luxury liner “Titanic” in the early 20 th century. Belfast’s population quadrupled. Dublin, also a centre of trade thanks to its port, developed into an administrative [...] continued to stagnate with modest food-products industries; successful major companies such as Jacob’s Biscuits and the famous Guinness Brewery in Dublin were the exceptions. The opening of the Royal Canal

the largest European producers of aluminium foil. By the 1930s, industry was already generating most of Armenia's economic output. From the 1950s onwards, electrical engineering became the speciality of Armenian [...] Mergelian. The innovative computer families "Rasdan-2" and "Nairi" were developed there in the 1960s. The Museum of Science and Technology in Yerevan documents these pioneering achievements. In order to [...] the Armenian economy, the Soviet leadership had a number of new thermal power plants built in the 1960s, but they still relied on oil and gas imported from abroad. As Lake Sevan was increasingly losing water

of the Adria Magistral followed in the 1960s and 1970s, extending from Koper, Slovenia, along the entire Croatian coast to Dubrovnik. Although President Tito’s break with Stalin in 1948 triggered an economic [...] economic blockade by the Eastern Block, by the mid-1960s industry was posting spectacular growth rates and coming to dominate Yugoslavia’s economy. Concurrently, the government attempted to compensate for [...] linking it to the Austrian trading port of Trieste – and that city immediately appropriated Rijeka’s trade. Hungary connected Rijeka to a line to Budapest as compensation, but no one was interested in

lion’s share of Bulgaria’s exports. As the country could not compete with western economies, plants and products were never modernised. Though the availability of consumer goods improved in the 1960s and [...] and 1970s, there was no money available for the maintenance of housing or transportation infrastructure. Corrections in economic policy failed to materially improve matters. In the 1980s, the government [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF BULGARIA Listen Dramatic political upheavals defined Bulgaria’s economic history and for many years impeted the path to industrialisation. Although a textile factory was founded

the turnaround after 1980. He implemented a painful austerity policy with wage and price controls, cut subsidies and reduced state influence in the economy. Over the course of the 1980s, exports increased [...] increased substantially and the country’s notorious trade deficit was brought somewhat under control. High foreign investments, the customs union agreed to in 1996 and the accession negotiations with the European [...] example Sümerbank, shares in the steel works in Ereğli, and the Tüpraş Group, which controls Turkey’s oil refineries. The food industry contributes significantly to foreign trade with grain, fruit and vegetable

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ROMANIA Listen Romania’s economic history was shaped by the tensions between its extremely passionate striving toward self-sufficiency and the dominance of foreign powers. [...] factory even opened in Braʂow in 1925, but foreign debt continued to increase. In the course of the 1930s, Romania became increasingly dependent on Nazi Germany. The country made the decisive transition to [...] based on the increasing consumption of energy, raw materials and labour. Toward the end of the 1960s, the government attempted to correct its course, placing greater emphasis on more technically sophisticated

was the first to acquire various patents for cooking wood fibres in a sulphite dissolution in the 1860s. The sulphite process yields almost pure cellulose fibres, a raw material of high quality which makes [...] the inside out. Therefore, almost all the books, newspapers and documents printed between 1840 and 1980 are not aging resistant. They need an expensive de-acidification and restoration if they are to be

from coking plants flowed until the 1920s. The highly toxic chemical was also found in the Ruhr, which was used to produce drinking water. It was not until the 1950s that researchers in Western Europe gradually [...] compounds in the air and is one of the causes of forest dieback, which became highly visible in the 1980s, particularly in the mountainous regions of Poland, Czechoslovakia and the two German states. Sulphur [...] health hazards in industrial regions for centuries. With the onset of industrialisation in the 1750s, increasingly dense clouds of pollutants gathered over Britain's rapidly growing cities. Smoke from

war, hardly any company wanted to know anything about inhuman exploitation. It is only since the 1980s that companies have gradually begun to face up to independent investigations. The first camp for forced [...] shortage of labour for poorly paid or dangerous jobs, especially in the chemical industry. From the 1950s, forced prison labour was used in virtually all industries. Notorious were the open-cast lignite mines

ra SA, and in 1902 it began to be listed on the stock exchange. The steelworks was closed in the 1980s but its name continues in the company Duro Felguera SA. Many buildings survive and some are included

confiscated from the company in Germany and the Habsburg Empire. It provided competition in the 1920s and 30s, although the two firms reached a working agreement in 1925. An important innovation was the in [...] The Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands Express Européens’ operated some of Europe’s most celebrated trains. On 5 June 1883 there was a demonstration of what was to become the Orient Express [...] from Paris to Lisbon, where connections were made with transatlantic steamers, in 1887. Nagelmackers’s ambition to convey India-bound travellers from England from the Channel coat to Brindisi was finally

War in the Women’s Royal Naval Service. She married Bernard Ashley in 1949. Between 1945 and 1952 she worked as a secretary at the London office of the National Federation of Women’s Institutes, and gained [...] in 1958. In 1961 they re-established the business at The Old Railway House, Carno, a crossing keeper’s cottage in mid-Wales, from which materials were distributed to women workers who made them up in their [...] the whole world dressed as milk maids’, and a Birmingham housewife who set up home in the early 1970s using Laura Ashley products, recalled that ‘We did the whole place in English country’. The company

then a freelance writer and consultant. He was active in the annual conferences in Bath in the 1960s which were influential in the growth of industrial archaeology in Great Britain and also attracted important [...] d his concern that historical studies should extend up to the present, and Where we used to work (1980), which demonstrated the value of oral history. He was also responsible for two major reference works [...] showed impatience with the writings of academic historians, and was more interested in telling people’s stories. His role was well summed-up by a friend who regarded him as ‘an ideas man not a meticulous

51,000 tonnes of crude steel. By 1967, eight more furnaces of the same type had been built, and in 1980 two more modern electric furnaces went into operation. By now, the Brandenburg steel and rolling mill [...] brings to life the history of the Brennabor works, Germany's largest automobile factory in the early 1920s. Theatre performances, concerts, events and performances of all kinds take place in the events hall

The boom of the scissors manufacture in Premana is closely connected to Solingen in Germany. In the 1980s, production rose to almost 17 million scissors per year, covering all quality levels. Meanwhile, only [...] consortium that sucessfully established economic autonomy. The ethnographic museum opened in the 1980s and has a rich collection on the local cutlery industry, including products, tools and machines. It

Turin is one of Europe’s principal centres of automobile engineering, and Fiat’s Lingotto works was its flagship factory. The founder of the Fiat company, Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945) visited Detroit in [...] conception of industry. Parts of the factory passed into other uses in the 1980s and production ceased entirely in the early 1990s. The architect Renzo Piano won a competition in 1994 for the rehabilitation [...] Lingotto factory was the last in a series of steel and reinforced concrete buildings designed by Fiat’s director of production, Giacomo Matte-Trucco (1864-1934). It is 507 m long and 24 m wide, with a test

high-quality products made for Oso underwear and Fred Perry sportswear. The factory closed in the late 1980s. In 2010, work began to create a new museum as part of Mataró Museum with MNACTEC, the Museums of [...] explain the history of the industry since the eighteenth century. The second floor shows the museum’s rich textile and clothing collections.

nineteenth-century Boyer cotton factory and the other was the eighteenth-century Granotes tannery. In the 1980s the town council bought the buildings and relocated two existing museums there – the local museum

recovered as a centre of coal-mining, and now has a population of about 7,000. The mines closed in the 1980s but the landscape is rich in monuments of mining history. La Chaine des Terrils is an organisation

The Central Station at Orsha is one of Europe’s outstanding railway stations. The town stands at the confluence of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers, and the station is on the line from Moscow to Brest (formerly [...] The building was restored within two years of the end of the war and its interior was restored in 1980. Further substantion restoration took place in 2004. A steam locomotive, P-34 stands on a plinth at