the M20 typewriter and opened retail branches to promote them against the competition. Part of the assurance of quality he offered was that all the component parts were made in Olivetti’s own workshops to [...] typewriters, calculators and computers and is still a global brand. Ivrea is a World Heritage site, where both the Laboratory-Museum and the Olivetti Historical Archive present Olivetti’s story. [...] northern Italy who began the company and designed its early products. He was born in 1868 in Ivrea, north of Turin, into a middle-class Jewish family. He graduated in electrical engineering at Turin in 1891 and

president of the national institute of industry in the 1970s he led more than 200,000 employees. His family ran a hardware store in Barcelona. After graduating from the school of industrial engineers in [...] Villalonga became one of the outstanding business leaders of the late-twentieth century in Spain, a technocrat ‘trouble-shooter’ and moderniser who managed enterprises in all sectors of Spanish industry. As [...] in business development, education, training and museums. He argued for the importance of generalist technocratic leaders who brought together a range of skills to work alongside technical specialists.

several parts of Europe and took his knowledge to Łodz in Poland. The factory he built there in 1855 was one of the biggest in the world, covering 168 hectares. The population of Łodz as an industrial city grew [...] took over the factory. In 1852, he began to develop a series of cotton factories in the city of Łodz. By 1870, his company was the largest of its kind in Poland and employed nearly 2,000 people. He continued [...] station and workers’ settlement at Księży Młyn are preserved. Schiebler’s mansion there is now the museum of cinematography. His wife built a massive gothic mausoleum for him at Łodz.

understanding of the process of industrialisation in Europe. The implications of the first sentence of his Communist Manifesto of 1848, ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’ [...] contacts with Engels. He spent much of his time studying in the library of the British Museum and wrote a succession of lengthy works on philosophy and political economy, some of which remained unpublished until [...] vocabulary of many accounts of industrial development, even those written by writers with philosophies directly opposed to Marxism. Karl Marx was born in Trier and studied at the universities of Bonn and

disruption of the Napoleonic Wars. A section of the factory survives as a university building. The emblem from its gates and other material about calico printing are displayed in the industrial museum. [...] Heinrich Schüle was a pioneer in the industrial-scale production of printed cotton fabric in eighteenth-century Bavaria. He broke through traditional restrictions at the city of Augsburg to establish a large [...] In 1759 he opened his own printing works but continued to put out the work of painting to domestic workers and residents of the Augsburg poor-house. His high-quality products found markets across Europe

ironworking city of Nizhny Tagil in the Urals where they were bound as serfs to the Demidow dynasty of industrialists. From 1820 Yefim was chief mechanical engineer for the various industrial complexes in [...] Cherepanovs are commemorated by a monument in Nizhny Tagil, and models of their locomotive are displayed in the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow. [...] and saw mills and flour mills in the Nizhny Tagil region. From 1820 he built about 20 steam engines of various kinds. He spent some time in England in the 1820s, and on his return, in 1833-34, he and his

During the British Industrial Revolution Jedediah Strutt was among the fathers of the factory system. After making innovations in knitting stockings he worked with Richard Arkwright to build the first [...] first water-powered cotton-spinning factories. Industrial settlements associated with him are inscribed in the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage site. He grew up in Derbyshire in central England, where his [...] apprenticed to a wheelwright at the age of 14 and later began his own business as a wheelwright. After he married and inherited a farm from his uncle at the age of around 28 he began stocking knitting and

Macclesfield in Cheshire. The Derby Silk Mill is a museum on the site of the Lombe brothers’ mill. It is part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage site. [...] Lombe’s industrial espionage in Italy. He died aged only 29, possibly murdered for stealing trade secrets. The Lombe brothers came from a family of wool and silk weavers at Norfolk in the east of England [...] Italy, where aspects of the factory system were pioneered in the seventeenth century. In 1714, with money from his older brother Thomas, John Lombe went to Piedmont in the Kingdom of Sardinia. He visited

power and hundreds of workers. When Brügelmann built his factory at Ratingen, in North-Rhine Westphalia in 1783-4 he gave it the name Cromford. The building is now an industrial museum. Brügelmann grew up [...] Albrecht Delius made industrial espionage visits to Britain in 1781 and 1782 to draw plans, get copies of machines and recruit a worker who could operate them. To be beyond the control of the old guilds, [...] mansion for his family in 1787-90 next to the factory, which can also be visited as part of the museum. The community of workers’ dwellings that he built also survives. In 1789, he expanded with a works for

Steam power was one of the critical innovations of the industrial revolution, allowing mechanical power to be concentrated wherever it was needed. The evolution of the technology relied on many inventors [...] makers who gradually spread the use of engines to all parts of the world. Richard Williams was an engineer from England who moved in the 1780s to the southern German state of Saxony to build beam engines. The [...] beam engine was built in 1712 by the English ironmonger Thomas Newcomen. The value of engines in pumping water out of mines was immediately recognised and after 20 years about 100 were in use. Many inventors

almost ceased by the time of his death. The development of this small concern into the largest industrial company in Europe was due largely to his son, Alfred Krupp. When the building of main line railways was [...] workforce, but they were a means of enforcing industrial discipline, as well as means of philanthropy. Krupp`s own mansion, the Villa Hugel in Essen-Bredeney, is conserved as a museum. Krupp's family continued [...] 1840s, and by the late 1880s armaments comprised 50% of the output of his company, which, with 20,200 employees was claimed to be the largest industrial concern in the world. Krupp gained a reputation as

portable steam engines. At the end of his life Lanz employed 3,000 people and was nicknamed ‘the king of Mannheim’. The factory was at first in the Schwetzingerstadt area of Mannheim and later moved to the [...] family sold the majority of their shares to the American company John Deere. The Lanz name was used until 1967. The Lanz-Leo’s Museum in Rimbach, Bavaria, preserves a collection of the company’s engines and [...] goods store in Mannheim and took a course at the school of commerce in Stuttgart. When he returned to the family business in 1860 he took charge of importing agricultural machinery and set up a repair workshop

Europe. He was the son of the pot founder Isaac Wilkinson (1695-1784) and the younger brother of John Wilkinson (1728-1808) the most prominent ironmaster of the British Industrial Revolution. Both William [...] Creusot, the first stage of which included four blast furnaces, and 24 km of iron railway. The last stages of the journey from Bersham to Le Creusot of a steam engine cylinder inscribed ‘Wilkinson’ were [...] at Indret near the mouth of the Loire were executed by Pierre Toufaire, but the works was unsuccessful and produced few cannon. Ignace de Wendel, an artilleryman, and a member of a family with long experience

who contributed to the industrial development of Vizcaya (the Basque region). He came from a family of iron-ore merchants at Portugalete, on the navigable estuary of the city of Bilbao. His father was [...] died unexpectedly of a stroke at the age of 45 in 1900. His brother Benigno was made Marquis of Chávarri in 1914. A monument to him was put up in Portugalete in 1903 and the RIALIA museum shows material connected [...] company Altos Hornos de Vizcaya. He acquired further mining interests and promoted the construction of railways: the Bilbao to Santander railway and, in the year before his early death, the Basque-Asturias

Tesla was one of the most brilliant and prolific inventors of his generation, remembered for his contributions to electrical power – the basis for the second industrial revolution. Among his multiple [...] the three-phase system of transmission. He was born in the Austrian Empire and died a naturalised citizen of the United States. His father was a parish priest in the village of Smiljan, now in Croatia [...] early 1920s most of his patents had expired and after living for many years in luxury hotels he was effectively bankrupt. Westinghouse helped to support him for the rest of his life. Museums in Serbia and

Kenneth Hudson was one of the pioneers of the study of industrial heritage, not only in his native England but across most of Europe. He was born in north London and studied English at University College [...] European Museums Forum. He wrote more than 50 books many of them on topics related to industrial heritage or museums but some on entirely different subjects. Amongst the most influential were Industrial Archaeology: [...] European Museum of the Year award in 1987. His name is retained in the Kenneth Hudson award for the most unusual and daring achievement that challenges common perceptions of the role of museums in society

The Scotsman John Baildon was one of the pioneers of industrial development in Upper Silesia, now in Poland but in Baildon’s lifetime part of Prussia. He was born at Larbert in Stirlingshire and studied [...] and 1812, as was Reden, in the construction of the 46 km Kłodnica Canal built 1792-1812 from Kózle on River Oder to Gleiwitz, primarily for the conveyance of coal and metallic ores. In 1798 he was appointed [...] mechanics in his youth before working at the Carron ironworks. He went to Silesiain 1793 at the invitation of Count Friedrich von Reden (1772-1815). His first task was to build coke-fired blastfurnaces at Gleiwitz

historian and to found a museum of working class life in the town of his birth. Karl Flanner was born in Flugfeld, a working class quarter of the industrial city of Wiener Neustadt, the son of a leather worker [...] he was one of the founding trustees of the Industrieviertel-Museum (Industrial District Museum) in the city and served as its director. The museum’s displays include one that tells the story of slave labour [...] labour under the Nazi regime, and of its links with factories in Wiener Neustadt. Karl Flanner was a member of the board of trustees of DÖW, the Vienna-based documentation centre for the resistance movement

his collection to the Ateneum museum in Helsinki. The development of the Gosta Serlachius Museum of Fine Arts was encouraged by his son R Erik Serlachius (1901-80). The museum was opened in 1945 at the family [...] Gösta Serlachius was one of the leading Finnish entrepreneurs of the first half of the 20th century, an important figure in politics and military affairs, and a connoisseur of the arts whose collections [...] a succession of mergers in the late 20th century and is now part of the Metsa-Serla group. The White House in Mantta, its headquarters building of 1934, now houses the G A Serlachius Museum that interprets

Sacchi was a maker of wooden models whose work had a profound influence on the design of consumer goods in the second half of the 20th century. He was born in the industrial community of Sesto San Giovanni [...] the north-eastern side of Milan, and lived most of his life in that area. He learned his skills with wood as an apprentice pattern maker from the age of 12 in the Milan foundry of Ceresa e Boretti. He [...] in 1998 through lack of a successor. His work has been honoured by exhibitions in galleries in many countries. The contents of his workshop and its archives are held by the Museum of Industry and Labour