Derwent. Their business became highly successful, producing far more silk threat than the English hand spinners. It employed around 300 people. John Lombe died only a year later. He may have been poisoned

at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Elberfeld was an important area for making textiles by hand, with production controlled by a yarn guild. In 1774, Brügelmann married Anna Christina Ochsen (neé

it was likely to grow even faster when Arkwright’s patent expired. As cotton weaving was with hand-operated looms they believed there would not be enough weavers for the yarn produced. Cartwright applied [...] problems with his machines. Their action often failed, and they were not much more productive than hand looms – they were not fast and operators could only manage a single loom. He set up a cotton factory [...] ribbons), many refinements were needed before mechanical looms were effective for all textiles. Handlooms continued in use for a long time. By 1812, a quarter of a century after Cartwright built his factory

et vous aurez bonne table et bon gîte’. (‘Your journey will be enchanting. You will be led by the hand. Your yearning for the picturesque will be satisfied and you will have good cuisine and good lodging

cards recorded a particular pattern and they could be changed to make a different one. This made hand-weaving much faster and more accurate. In 1805 Napoleon declared Jacquard’s invention the property of

Institutes, and gained inspiration for her characteristic designs from an exhibition of traditional handicrafts organised by the Federation at the Victoria & Albert Museum. From 1953 she began to print her own

the method of sowing seeds at suitable depth and in equally spaced rows instead of throwing them by hand over the soil. His seed-drill machine had several parallel plough blades with boxes and spouts to

Corbeil-Essonnes, he became interested in the potential for modernisation. He was frustrated by the hand-method of making paper, one sheet at a time, with numerous workers. In 1797 he devised a machine to make [...] with a stream of pulp and then passed through rollers to squeeze out the water. The paper was laid by hand across a series of bars to dry. Robert patented his machine in 1799 with Didot’s support. The French

the brothers had a workshop at Pafendal, on the east side of the city. Apparently, this had only hand-looms for weaving woollen cloth, but in 1835 they established a woollen factory nearby at Schläifmille [...] with a steam engine. The factory employed several hundred people at this time. An engraving shows a handsome group of buildings in a wooded setting next to the river. In 1867, Luxembourg was guaranteed neutrality

near Hattingen and acquired iron ore and coal mines. She continued working into her seventies and handed ownership of the company to her son Karl in 1912, three years before she died. The company later

14 he was apprenticed to a ‘reed-maker’, who made the combs that separated the warp threads on handlooms. He left his apprenticeship within a month as he said he had already learned everything about the [...] loom by springs. It ran on a board between boxes at each end, controlled by a chord in the weaver’s hand. The invention doubled the speed of weaving. It also made it possible to weave broad cloth with one

‘engine’ and its shorter form ‘gin’. Hargreaves could not read and write and worked as a domestic hand-loom weaver with his own spinning wheel and loom in his cottage. At this time, demand for thread was

The mechanisation of the laborious process of making paper by hand was developed by several inventors around 1800. In France, Nicholas-Louis Robert developed a method for pouring paper pulp onto a continuous

and it still exists there, exporting its products globally. Files and rasps of different kinds are hand tools used since prehistoric times to work metals, wood and stone and essential in a wide variety [...] jewellery, locksmithing and watchmaking. Until the nineteenth century, files were manufactured by hand. Steel blanks were forged, ground on a wheel and annealed before the lines in the surface were cut [...] location for the industry as the exploitation of the huge pine forest of Pinhal de Leiria required hand tools and provided fuel for forges. Products could be taken from Vieira to the two great trading ports

it was publicly unveiled in 1909. Bakelite was used in radio housings, distributor caps, telephone hand pieces, electric plugs, jewellery, cameras, ash trays, fountain pens and many other characteristic

the works of Charles Darwin (1809-82) and Hermann Melville (1819-91). His first travel guide, A Handbook for Travellers to Holland, Belgium and the Rhine appeared in 1836 and was followed by guides to [...] they feature, which can be of great interest to historians of industry. The fifteenth edition of A Handbook for Travellers on the Continent being a guide to Holland, Belgium, Prussia, Northern Germany and

He took issue with his contemporary railway engineers, considering that steam locomotives could handle steeper gradients that those on the lines built by Robert Stephenson (1803-59), and fiercely opposing

worker. Two years later he formed Götze & Hartmann, a mechanical engineering company in which he handled technological developments and his new partner the commercial aspects. In the same year he purchased

rubber company before the end of 1934. André Citroën died the following year but the firm, in new hands, continued to prosper. The Traction Avant was assembled abroad in factories at Vorst (Belgium), Cologne

which in 1828 had produced Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln ein Handbuch für Schnelreisende (Journeys on the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne: a handbook for travellers on the move) by Professor Johannes August Klein [...] interest which appeared in 1846 in his first ‘red guide’, the Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat (Handbook for travellers through Germany and the Austrian Empire).