unthinkable: In the south, it was dominated by arch-conservative landowners; in the north, it was in the hands of countless small farmers who farmed on the edge of subsistence, and so productivity remained low [...] electrical equipment manufacturers emerged. The economy remained dominated by a small elite of a handful of families intermarried with the large landowners, but finally the process of structural change

one of the most important textile manufacturing cities in Europe. Łodz was a traditional area for hand-made textiles. From the 1820s mechanised mills for the woollen and flax industries were built, notably

name Caspar Honegger Maschinenfabrik Rüti. His father, Salomon Honegger, worked as a spinner and handloom weaver but by 1816 opened his own a spinning mill at Rüti. Caspar showed technical ability and was

Derwent. Their business became highly successful, producing far more silk threat than the English hand spinners. It employed around 300 people. John Lombe died only a year later. He may have been poisoned

cards recorded a particular pattern and they could be changed to make a different one. This made hand-weaving much faster and more accurate. In 1805 Napoleon declared Jacquard’s invention the property of

near Hattingen and acquired iron ore and coal mines. She continued working into her seventies and handed ownership of the company to her son Karl in 1912, three years before she died. The company later

‘engine’ and its shorter form ‘gin’. Hargreaves could not read and write and worked as a domestic hand-loom weaver with his own spinning wheel and loom in his cottage. At this time, demand for thread was

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

the method of sowing seeds at suitable depth and in equally spaced rows instead of throwing them by hand over the soil. His seed-drill machine had several parallel plough blades with boxes and spouts to

worker. Two years later he formed Götze & Hartmann, a mechanical engineering company in which he handled technological developments and his new partner the commercial aspects. In the same year he purchased

techniques, spring mattresses, filigree jewellery and even a wire chain tanga. There are plenty of hands-on activities too. Visitors can try their skills on historic wire-drawing and rolling machines. In

profitable early invention, in 1843, was to make bronze powder by machine more cheaply than the hand-made product from Germany. He bought a fine house and offices in London and created a large laboratory

The mechanisation of the laborious process of making paper by hand was developed by several inventors around 1800. In France, Nicholas-Louis Robert developed a method for pouring paper pulp onto a continuous

Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Rhineland, the Ottoman Empire and India. Bradshaw’s Descriptive Railway Hand-Book of Great Britain and Ireland , was published in four parts in 1863, and in recent years has been

Imperialism (Deyna Parvanova) L'histoire de la traite négrière en France Den danske kolonisering og slavehandel (Fatalink. J. Jensen, M. Arrouas) Den økonomiske udvikling, kolonier og landboreformer (danmar [...] Remembrance - A Guide to Sites, Museums and Memory (Unesco) Mitteleuropa und der transatlantische Sklavenhandel: eine lange Geschichte (WerkstattGeschichte; Klaus Weber) Zucker - zentrales Leitprodukt der

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS Listen Industrialisation came late: on the one hand, because the Netherlands had only small deposits of the key raw materials coal and iron ore, and on the [...] sugar cane, coffee and indigo, which were easy to market. The indigenous population, on the other hand, suffered from hunger because this left less land for rice fields. Around the middle of the 19th century

"AEG". On the one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms

000-year-old salt production of the Añana salt works in the province of Álava, which continues to be handcrafted to this day. As an ERIH Anchor Point, Añana Salt Valley presented on a separate page. Characteristic

Institutes, and gained inspiration for her characteristic designs from an exhibition of traditional handicrafts organised by the Federation at the Victoria & Albert Museum. From 1953 she began to print her own

rubber company before the end of 1934. André Citroën died the following year but the firm, in new hands, continued to prosper. The Traction Avant was assembled abroad in factories at Vorst (Belgium), Cologne