Steam power began its triumphal march in the booming textile industry, before moving over to coal mines and steelworks. The next fundamental improvement took place around a hundred years later, once more

on Cutlery Housing Industrial Architecture Industry and War Iron and Steel Industrial Landscapes Mining Paper Production and Manufacturing Salt Service and Leisure Industry Textiles Transport Water The

countries, such as Hungary, Spain and Greece, which continued to depend on agriculture while coal mines, iron works and textile factories were becoming established, slipped into poverty. By contrast, Denmark

First World War, it was expanded with shipyards, in particular for the Czarist navy. During the war, mining of oil shale began in Kohtla-Järve, which ultimately developed into Estonia’s greatest energy resource [...] starting in 1948. The Soviet government erected a uranium enrichment facility near the oil shale mines in Sillamäe on the northeast border, transforming the one-time seaside resort into a locked-down centre [...] allocated to industries that had developed during the period of independence: in addition to the mining and chemical processing of oil shale, these included mainly paper and furniture manufacturing and

particular the manufacture of sugar from beet and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries, which were among the earliest industries to develop. Mechanisation commenced [...] established there, the city developed into one of the empire’s most important industrial centres. Mines and iron works were also established early on to exploit the rich deposits of coal and iron ore: centred

World War I granted Romania large territories, some of which were already industrially developed. Mines in Banat and Transylvania produced coal and ore, while Reʂita and Arad were centres of locomotive

natural resources, particularly iron ore and salt, and a long mining tradition. The Celts, for instance, developed underground salt mining to a proto-industrial level long before the Common Era. And in [...] non-Austrian regions: Hungary’s development stagnated, as it produced only agricultural goods, but coal mining and textiles in Moravia and the innovative heavy industry of Bohemia became drivers for economic [...] into an industrial core region, where Karl Wittgenstein, "Austria’s Krupp", formed the established mining and iron-working operations into a powerful cartel. Textile production developed in the Vorarlberg

only around the end of the 19th century, with the second wave of industrialisation, that exposed mining tips and soot-ridden workshops, endless terraces of housing ... more Industry and War The origins [...] resulted in more and more smokestacks shooting out of the ground and a huge increase in factories, coal mines and steelworks; villages merged ... more Textiles The thousands of rattling bobbins on the spinning

sed transport: the first steam locomotives, developed by mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1803, still ran on cast rails in the coal mines of Coalbrookdale. The triumphant advance of the railway then [...] could be exploited: in 1712, the ironmonger Thomas Newcomen installed the first steam engine in a mine to pump water out of the shafts. This made it possible to reach coal at greater depths – but at the [...] g company. While Newcomen's original steam engine was used for a long time to raise water in the mines - an example of the not always rapid course of industrialisation - Watt's perfected model also conquered

architects and engineers. more MINING Coal from European and American collieries was the universal fuel during the Industrial Revolution. Nonetheless technical inventions in mining played a relatively insignificant

few major mineral deposits was discovered: the copper deposits in Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic

states. Nevertheless after the customs union of 1834 productive heavy industries developed in the mining regions of upper Silesia, in the Saarland and the Ruhrgebiet. At the same time the building of the

mass-produced by slaves, such as sugar, coffee and tobacco, provided the capital for the new coal mines and textile factories, has found new appreciation in the course of debates on post-colonialism. At

deeply influenced by the borders between them. more Saxony The industrialisation of Saxony is based on mining which already started in the 10th century, thus creating capital and early technological expertise

first blowing machine in the country - manufactured by the famous Belgian firm, Cockerill. In 1869 mining began at the major iron ore deposits in Fond-de-Gras on the southwest border of the country. Collieries

nationalised mining rights and leased them to investors. This triggered a mineral extraction boom: copper mining returned to Rio Tinto, mercury mining was resumed in Almadén, lead was mined near Cartagena [...] Romans subsequently mined gold at Las Medulas, cinnabar (mercury sulphide) in Almadén and silver and copper on the Rio Tinto on a quasi-industrial scale. Following this phase, mining went into decline for [...] where most of the raw materials were worked as well. In the Basque province of Vizcaya however, mines and steel works proliferated, stimulated by Britain’s insatiable demand for iron. On their return

the wage, children for even less. Children were in demand mainly for their size and agility: in the mines they had to pull coal-laden wagons through the lowest tunnels on all fours, in the spinning mills [...] from noise, dirt and pollutants: Tiny cotton flakes in the air in spinning mills, mineral dusts in mines, toxic chemicals in ironworks and chemical plants. Workplace accidents were common. Many men were

Rome, a city of millions. The hills of Las Médulas in northern Spain, where Roman water-powered gold mining left a grotesquely deformed man-made landscape, are still a vivid example of ancient landscape d [...] pollution - hence the combination of the words 'smoke' and 'fog' to form 'smog'. As the number of coal mines and smelting works increased, black smoke became a widespread phenomenon in the British Isles, eventually [...] research into environmental degradation, let alone the fight against it. In the rivers of Europe's mining and industrial regions, whether the Tawe in Wales, the Rio Tinto in Spain or the Emscher in the Ruhr

for the exhibition area in circular thickener I of the "Portal of Industrial Heritage" at Zollverein Mine World Heritage Site in Essen. It complements the multimedia information offered by the "Portal of

which opened in 1884 and ran from the booming coal mines in the Donez Basin via Yekaterinoslav (later Dnipropetrovsk, today Dnipro) to the iron-ore mines of Kryvyj Rih. In the 1860s and 70s, an enormous [...] enormous industrial landscape took shape in this region, termed “Donbass” for short, as ever more coal mines, iron works and settlements were established. The heart of this region was the city of Donezk, which