illiteracy and a lack of capital and labour, the young state did not experience its first, modest economic upturn until the 1860s. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product declined, surprisingly [...] campaign in Asia Minor following the First World War ended in disaster in 1922, but triggered an economic boom. Forced to accommodate over half a million refugees, the government carried out land reform

country. In the territory of today’s Austria, the economic transformation did not gain momentum until the so-called "Gründerzeit", the era of rapid economic expansion in German-speaking Europe, dawned in [...] coal mining and textiles in Moravia and the innovative heavy industry of Bohemia became drivers for economic and technical progress. However, industrialisation there brought with it a heightened Czech nationalist [...] form of construction projects such as the famous Viennese "Arbeiterhöfe". By then, the promising economic upswing of the turn of the century was already history, a casualty of the destruction of the First

planning systematically promoted Slovakia’s development in order to reduce ethnic tensions and the economic lag behind the Czech part of the country. In addition to the steel industry, dominated by the military

Congress Poland primarily served the Russian market, and ultimately became Russia’s most powerful economic region. Industrialisation took an unusual course in Upper Silesia, in that it was triggered early [...] only factories for foodstuffs and farming equipment thrived. After the First World War, the diverse economic structure of the various regions weighed heavily on the reconstituted Polish nation. Additionally

expanding textile production in 1935 with an initial factory in Kayseri However, it was the more liberal economic policies following the Second World War which truly established industrialisation. Initially, the

time. At the start of the 19th century, widespread modernisation of agriculture led to an initial economic upswing and a growth in population. However, it was policy decisions that laid the foundation for [...] Sweden to the Baltic – it was regarded as a symbol of national efficiency. The canal was not an economic success as it was quickly made redundant by the arrival of the railways. A state railroad construction [...] with the companies Scania, Vabis and Volvo, followed by Saab after the Second World War. In the economic boom after 1945, the Swedish Model, in which the state directs the labour and capital markets with

such as Prague and Brno into Czech cities. And among the Czech middle classes, modernisation and economic success fuelled a national consciousness and a desire for freedom. Industrialisation accelerated [...] exchange was established in 1871, a commodities exchange followed in 1887, and the city became a major economic centre. The first automobile built during the reign of the K.u.K. (imperial and royal) monarchy

No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival. In 1861, the now legendary casino was opened ... more POLAND Industrialisation within the [...] and to policies that focused more on exploiting resource-rich colonies ... more ROMANIA Romania’s economic history was shaped by the tensions between its extremely passionate striving toward self-sufficiency

political and economic decisions in the 19th century: Naples, for instance, was still one of Europe’s leading manufacturing cities in the 18th century. Italy’s history was not lacking in economic innovations:

Britain, the pioneer of industrialisation, was the first nation to be confronted with these new economic conditions, but the Empire, which expanded almost unchallenged after victories over France, was

on the other, because the "Golden Age" was followed by a long period of economic stagnation: In the 18th century, important economic sectors such as shipbuilding, fishing and brewing, which had previously [...] bankruptcy. During this crisis, the colony in what is now Indonesia contributed significantly to the economic recovery of the "mother country". With the "cultivation system" introduced in Java in 1830, the [...] Netherlands was better equipped for the next structural change than it had been in previous periods of economic and industrial change. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Netherlands World

Anilin- und Sodafabrik" (BASF). The unification of Germany in the Empire in 1871 further accelerated economic growth. Despite the "founders' crisis" of 1873, by the end of the century steel production had overtaken

increasingly fierce competition for them. However, France's new colonies only achieved their greatest economic importance in the 20th century: The countries of West Africa produced agricultural goods, Indochina

along the central trading route known as the Hellweg. Membership of the Hanseatic League ensured the economic success of the town. Equally so, the so-called Stapelgesellschaft (lit: batch society), a protective

regime. Astonishingly enough, the remains of the buildings survived both the war and the ensuing economic crises. After comprehensive renovation they now make up a lively centre for shopping, entertainment

exhibition focuses on the interplay between man, nature and the economy. It tells the social and economic history of the region and illustrates the profound changes that industrialisation has brought to

The Spoluka mine in the town of Madan in the Rhodope mountains produced a wide range of economic minerals: lead, zinc, gold, silver, copper and cadmium. It was operated by the Bulgarian-Soviet company

largest trade bank in the Empire) and the Kharkov Land Bank. Altschewskyj saw opportunities for economic development in the relatively under-developed Donbas coalfield. In 1879 he founded the Altschewskyj [...] influential educator, he supported Ukrainian-language education and literacy. During the Russian economic crisis of 1899-1901, Altschewskyj’s requests for loans from the Ministry of Finance were rejected

By combing a political career with business, Alfred Escher had a formative influence on the economic development of his homeland, Switzerland. He was born in 1819 into the Escher vom Glas dynasty. He studied

systematic construction and administration of roads. He devised a method of road-making that was economic and efficient and resulted in a network of roads suitable for fast horse carriages. His name became