played an important role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Georgia declared independence after the First World War, which left massive devastation in its wake, and the 1918 revolution;, but the Soviet Union annexed [...] Tkibuli. Then, Europe’s insatiable thirst for energy triggered a massive rush of development. The world’s most powerful banking and industrial dynasties descended on Georgia to secure the region’s petroleum [...] energy and raw materials since the collapse of the USSR. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Georgia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Georgia? Batumi. La petite ville de petrole Georgia was

(today Gǝncǝ), where an aluminium smelter, chemical and textile plants were established before World War II, contributed to economic diversification. The construction of a large hydroelectric plant at [...] tanker to carry the black gold across the Caspian Sea to the Volga. Branobel soon became one of the world’s largest oil companies. But in 1883, Alfons Rothschild built a rival transport route, financing a [...] the Mediterranean. At that time, Russia and the USA together accounted for close to 100% of the world’s crude oil production. Baku grew to become a multi-ethnic metropolis with European flair, while the

class formed and the first signs of urbanisation appeared in the mining centres. During the First World War and the following turmoil, the still agrarian, backward country suffered severely from hunger and [...] catastrophic earthquake in 1988 and the wars with neighbouring Azerbaijan have further aggravated the dramatic economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Armenia World Atlas: The biggest industries in [...] 1956 by the highly respected mathematician Sergei Mergelian. The innovative computer families "Rasdan-2" and "Nairi" were developed there in the 1960s. The Museum of Science and Technology in Yerevan documents

spirits today, opened in Tiraspol, but sustained growth failed to materialise. After the First World War, Moldova became part of Romania. Although the new government immediately introduced agricultural [...] businesses that processed agricultural products, such as mills and oil presses. After the Second World War, the country once again passed into Russian hands and the government in Moscow launched a comprehensive [...] has since been in a severe, ongoing economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Moldova? Chișinău. Old Station (oldchisinau.com) Moldova

intellectual exploitation as the Habsburg version of colonialism. Nevertheless, at the start of World War I, Bosnia was still a poor, predominantly agrarian country. There were no factory jobs to absorb [...] of Yugoslavian industry in the 1970s. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Bosnia and Herzegovina? Bosanski Brod. Railway Station Bosnia

underdeveloped and had virtually no roads or railways. Education levels were extremely low. Following World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of [...] national collapse with looting, starvation and disorder. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Albania World Atlas: The biggest industries in Albania Tirana. 'Stalin' Textile Combine

and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to World War II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton and tobacco were established, mainly in Skopje [...] severely than the other constituent republics. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of North Macedonia World Atlas: What are the major natural resources of North Macedonia? Bitola. 'Dragor' Flour mill North

Imperial War Musem Eisenerz (A). Ore Mountaine Adventure Essen (D) Zollverein Coking Plant WHS. Ice Ring Essen (D). Zollverein Coking Plant WHS. Swimming Pool Essen (D). Zollverein Mine World Heritage [...] German Technical Museum Birmingham (GB). Museum of the Jewellery Quarter Blaenavon (GB). Iron Work World Heritage Site Blegny (B). Blegny Mine WHS Bocholt (D). Textile Works LWL Industrial Museum Bochum

housed in the imposing building of a socially-owned enterprise built before the First World War. Victorinox, the world’s largest manufacturer of pocket knives, is based in Switzerland, while the Austrian [...] the foundation for grinding technologies that were to set worldwide standards after the Second World War. Today, the cutlery industry is characterized by a strongly bipolar structure. There are workshops [...] museums devoted to cutlery, whereas new players such as Portugal did not (yet) enter this level of awareness with history. Moreover, the global pattern of the cutlery trade has changed. Machines that Solingen

revived, initially mining of pyrite, in demand on account of its sulphur content, and shortly before World War I the American Cyprus Mining Company reopened the ancient copper mine at Skouriotissa. The Hellenic [...] near Mitseros in the Troodos Mountains starting in the 1920s. Copper mining was suspended during World War II and again during the Greek-Turkish conflict in 1974. In the aftermath, the island, which attained [...] centres of Kouklia, Kolossi and Episkopi were no longer able to withstand the competition from the New World. The occupation of this strategically important island by Britain in 1878 finally delivered substantial

ordered one ship, as the construction time was too long for them. When the strategic situation after World War II made a base in the Mediterranean superfluous, Britain withdrew from the island, and Malta became [...] only a small part of the island’s gross domestic product. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Malta World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Malta? Floriana. Tram Station at Piazza St Anna

the area of brown coal mining, another industry requiring a huge amount of land. During the First World War, the AEG power company set up the Zschornewitz brown coal works in the east-German coalmining area [...] in Wörlitz combined the beautiful with the useful, for the Enlightenment Prince hoped to make the world a better place by means of reason. Prince Franz reformed agriculture according to the latest state

after World War I led to the founding of the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenes”, which also included the former Habsburg Voyvodina, the “bread basket” north of the Danube. However, the war’s devastation [...] back and forth between farmyard and factory: a special class of worker-peasants emerged. Following World War II, the massive efforts of the “Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” delivered rapid successes [...] railway from Belgrade to Sarajevo in Bosnia through the rugged Sargan Mountains, begun before the War, was finally completed, and copper mining in Bor and cotton processing flourished. However, industry

production remained dominant, followed by metal and wood processing operations. After the Second World War, with its widespread devastation, Lithuania once again fell under Russian rule. Unlike in the other [...] Lithuania with electricity today. Construction of the Ignalina nuclear reactor, intended to be the world’s largest, commenced in 1970; today, the plant is no longer operational. Docks for ocean-going fishing [...] computers for military and civilian use. Related Links ERIH Link-List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Lithuania World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Lithuania? Šilutė (Heydekrug). Gasworks Lithiania was a

1930s, the industry suffered a severe crisis that lasted until the demand for fish exploded during World War II. The second pillar of Iceland’s industry is based on the utilisation of energy from renewable [...] public protest on account of its environmental impact. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Iceland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Iceland? Siglufjörður. Fishmeal Factory

EUROPEAN THEME ROUTES ILLUSTRATE THE CONNECTIONS Listen Currently ERIH presents over 2,400 sites of all branches of industry from all countries, that are partly or entirely considered part of Europe from [...] company museums and sites that offer factory tours and industrial heritage properties on UNESCO's World Heritage List. As an introduction to each Theme Route, we present the history of the development of [...] that exposed mining tips and soot-ridden workshops, endless terraces of housing ... more Industry and War The origins of gun powder can be traced to China. There the oldest recipe for mixing charcoal, salpeter

than 2% of the German work force were employed in the military sector. In fact, most historians agree now that it was not the big armament companies who finally triggered the outbreak of World War I. The [...] were used rather reluctantly and displayed their full potential only in World War II. Whereas in the first two "industrialised" wars most military innovations had come from civilian sources, now the picture [...] armaments industries have evolved from the small worlds of bronze und iron casting into a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary economic sector. In the Second World War, particularly in Germany, a rather unique measure

result of pressure from the unions: this had sunk even further to around 50 hours by the First World War. Increasing leisure in the evenings, and soon on work-free Sundays, meant that a huge variety of [...] the largest and – after further extensions - allegedly the most impressive cinema palace in the world. Public film shows started in Paris in 1895 and quickly became the leading mass medium. The over-decorated [...] before it was equipped with bowling greens and roundabouts. The famous Big Wheel was built for the World Exhibition of 1897. By contrast the "Tivoli Gardens" in Copenhagen, based on London parks and built

over production from smaller brewers which gradually ceased to exist. World War II was a disaster for the brewing industry. During the war, many breweries interrupted production or started making low-gravity [...] a, the area between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, is considered to be the place that gave the world beer. As early as around 7000 BC, the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians cultivated grains [...] low-gravity beers. Unfortunately, quite a number of breweries decided not to resume operation after the war. The second half of the 20th century saw trends starting to gradually change, and this has continued

so successful, above all in the low-lying marshlands of East Anglia that, at the end of the Civil War in the 1640s, the country's new leader Oliver Cromwell engaged him once more. When the Dutch began [...] steam engines since their invention. He had three engines built, one of which was the largest in the world with a capacity of around 350 hp. The three steam-driven pumps ran round the clock for around three [...] time to ensure that the new polders remain dry. The largest of the three plants later became the world's first official industrial monument. At the time the overpopulated industrial towns had another