the greatest impact. However, this dynamism had largely run its course by the Industrial Age. A large-scale cotton industry developed around 1840, particularly in and around Milan and in the Piedmont region [...] productivity of the spinning works lagged dramatically behind that of the British industry. Later, a major industrial zone evolved when the first tentative attempts at machine tool manufacturing emerged [...] a result,, Italy’s first railway was laid from Naples to the nearby Portici industrial region in 1839. The modest industrial upswing continued after national unification in 1861, but the new national currency

ON THE HISTORY OF TRANSPORT Listen During the early years of the Industrial Revolution there was a radical change in transportation. The arrival of pounding steamships and steam locomotives gave a huge [...] transporting goods. In 1761, the Bridgewater canal was completed in one of the birthplaces of the industrial age, the British textile area Lancashire; from then on, the route supplied the booming city of [...] factories and iron mills in all the major cities in Britain. The steam engine triggered off the revolution in transport. The first experiments with the technology date back to 1690, when a French physicist

ON THE HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE Listen Two ever-improving materials radically changed construction during the Industrial Revolution: iron, the key material, and concrete. Iron constructions were [...] the requirements of capitalist industrial production, which must always be technically and economically variable. Related Links History of Architecture – Industrial revolution (18th century) & Revival (1880 [...] (1880 – 1940) A Guide To Industrial Architecture WIKIPEDIA: British industrial architecture Sites of the Theme Route

also used. In the second half of the 19th century, during the "second industrial revolution", chemistry became the leading industrial sector alongside electrical engineering. One reason for this was that [...] ON THE HISTORY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Listen The emergence of the chemical industry was triggered by the mechanisation of English textile production in the second half of the 18th century. The output [...] bleaching powder available - practical for industrial use, but extremely harmful to health in production. Since its discovery in 1709, coke has been used in the iron industry for its high calorific value - and

tracks of the industrial revolution. The result is a "circuit diagram" showing the connections between the main themes of European industrial heritage. In addition to the selection by industry, you can also [...] – the key materials of the industrial era - from iron ore. First, the ore has to be smelted in the blast furnace. more Service and Leisure Industry The Industrial Revolution resulted in more and more [...] Procedure Regional Routes European Theme Routes Industrial Architecture The continuous improvement in the processing of iron and concrete during the Industrial Revolution opened up new and previously undreamt-of

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Listen The Industrial Revolution began in the fields of British farmers. Thanks to new cultivation methods, they were able to increase their yields in the [...] transatlantic slave trade Historic UK: Timeline of the Industrial Revolution WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the United Kingdom World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the United Kingdom? Telford. Coalbrookdale Ironworks [...] rolling mills in motion, which shaped red-hot iron blocks into sheets, rails and profiles. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was also financed by the trade in slaves and colonial goods produced by slaves

HISTORY OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES COMMUNICATION The final phase of industrialisation witnessed a revolution in communications: circulation figures for newspapers reached hitherto unknown heights, people were [...] ARCHITECTURE The continuous improvement in the processing of iron and concrete during the Industrial Revolution opened up new and previously undreamt-of potentials for architects and engineers. more MINING [...] MINING Coal from European and American collieries was the universal fuel during the Industrial Revolution. Nonetheless technical inventions in mining played a relatively insignificant role. more PAPER It

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF FINLAND Listen Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation, which started in the mid-20th century, is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests [...] of water power and an exemption from tariffs, the city of Tampere developed into a significant industrial centre. By mid-century, the cotton factory founded by Scottish entrepreneur James Finlayson alone [...] which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great crisis

The Industrial Revolution History Discussion: The History of the Industrial Revolution La diffusion de la révolution industrielle en Europe continentale European History Online: Industrialization as an [...] THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE Listen The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very gradually. One of the triggers was the unusually high growth [...] cater for the growing railway industry. Slowly but surely the focus of employment began to switch from the agrarian sector to industrial production. The industrial revolution in Europe had very different

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MONACO Listen The principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi family since 1297. They were stripped of their power during the French Revolution, but in 1861 France restored [...] restored Monaco's independence under the rule of the Grimaldis. A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival. In 1861 [...] of the city-state. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Monaco World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Monaco? Monaco. Gasholder of the gasworks

the new industrial cities. Towards the end of the century, demand diversified as the electrical engineering, chemical and mechanical engineering sectors expanded in the "Second Industrial Revolution": copper [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SLAVERY AND COLONIALIMS Listen For some 75 years, historians have argued about the role that slavery and colonialism played in industrialisation. The key [...] appreciation in the course of debates on post-colonialism. At least for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, concrete connections have now been proven: English traders trafficked some 2.5

ON THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Listen The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the first steps in a long-term 'agricultural revolution' that began in Britain in the 18th century and continued [...] widely discussed at the time. Related Links Encyclopedia.com: The Industrialization of Agriculture John Hopkins Center: Industrialization of Agriculture Farming and Agricultural Industrialisation (Martin [...] As a result, scientific research became increasingly important in agriculture, as it had been in industry. Liebig's discovery, published in 1840, that the minerals nitrogen, potassium salt and phosphorus

European industrial history. Germany's Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South Wales, a key region in the "world's first industrial nation". Both these areas comprise a number of less significant industrial monuments [...] raw material deposits. more Industrial Valleys The slate hillsides of the Rhineland do not resemble an industrial area in the slightest. That said, it is indeed an industrial area whose economic roots [...] REGIONAL ROUTES OPEN UP THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF A REGION Listen In many European regions there are few industrial heritage sites with touristic potential. Each of this regions has its own specialisms

prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution, as the necessary labour force was now available. However, far too many people sought work in the burgeoning industrial cities, as mechanisation put millions of artisans [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: WORKERS' MISERY AND LABOUR MOVEMENT Listen In the second half of the 18th century, Great Britain experienced strong population growth - one of the prerequisites [...] their farms became unprofitable after being freed from manorial labour. In Manchester, the first industrial city, the population increased sixfold between 1711 and 1831. In London, it increased by about

ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: DESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Listen With the industrial revolution, humans have set in motion an ongoing, seemingly unstoppable process of ecological [...] environmental damage caused by the large-scale proto-industrial operations of the Romans in ancient times: ore smelters, glassworks, potteries and industrial bakeries not only consumed vast quantities of firewood [...] pollution was largely accepted as an inevitable side effect of the industrial boom. From about the middle of the 18th century, the chemical industry also played its part in the increasing destruction of the e

following the start of the Industrial Revolution. There is a great deal of European common ground waiting to be discovered. For a start, the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less [...] states that formed the heart of the Industrial Revolution, is to implement the master plan developed during ERIH I. The underlying objectives are to protect Europe’s industrial heritage sites and use their [...] (now dissolved) German Society for Industrial Culture (DGfI) proposed to implement a pan-European network that would help to support the establishment of industrial heritage as a tourism brand. The network

THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: NAZI AND OTHER FORCED LABOUR Listen Forced labour is difficult to distinguish from other forms of economic exploitation. In pre-industrial times, it can be understood [...] poorly paid or dangerous jobs, especially in the chemical industry. From the 1950s, forced prison labour was used in virtually all industries. Notorious were the open-cast lignite mines, where extremely [...] when the German Reich employed nearly three million prisoners of war and civilians from abroad in industry and agriculture to replace Germans called up for military service, particularly in coal mining,

United Kingdom (essay "Industrial Revolution", sites of European Theme Routes, biographies) Lorenz Töpperwien , Cologne, Germany (Achor Points, Regional Routes "Ruhrgebiet" and "Industrial Valleys", translations [...] translations English <> German) Matthias Hennies , Cologne, Germany (industrial history of European countries, history of industries, translations German > English) Dr Peter Wakelin , Llangattock Lingoed, Abergavenny [...] IMPRINT Listen Copyright and legal responsibility ERIH - European Route of Industrial Heritage e.V. Dr Walter Hauser, President ERIH e.V. Office ERIH e.V. Christiane Baum Am Striebruch 42 | 40668 Meerbusch

ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INDUSTRIALISED GENOCIDE Listen The systematic mass murder of Jews and Roma and Sinti during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany is often characterised with [...] death" - and indeed the planned killing of some 6 million Jews could only be carried out using industrial processes. In the course of 1941, the Nazi leadership decided that the so-called "final solution" [...] approximately 1.1 million people died in Birkenau. The railway connection, which was essential for industrial facilities, was a decisive criterion in the construction of further extermination camps. As was

THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALISED GENOCIDE The systematic mass murder of Jews and Roma and Sinti during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany is often characterised with terms such