Austrian entrepreneurs invested mainly in heavy industry and mining. They modernised the iron ore mine in Prijedor, today operated by steel conglomerate Arcelor-Mittal, and opened the Zenica steel works

production was the most successful, in particular the manufacture of woollens in Covilha. The tungsten mines near Fundão were another example, as were the expanding tobacco and cork processing, and paper, ceramics

established the pattern under which many iron companies were managed both in Britain and overseas. Mines were leased from landowners, and the coal, iron ore and limestone that they produced went to blast

countries, such as Hungary, Spain and Greece, which continued to depend on agriculture while coal mines, iron works and textile factories were becoming established, slipped into poverty. By contrast, Denmark

the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less the same, assuming that a miner in the Ruhr or the valleys of Wales dug for the same coal in a very similar way. They even migrated [...] information on ERIH membership. 19 February 2008: Founding meeting of the ERIH association Zollverein Mine WHS Essen. Germany ['ERIH' - 'European Route of Industrial Heritage'® is registered as European Union

mass-produced by slaves, such as sugar, coffee and tobacco, provided the capital for the new coal mines and textile factories, has found new appreciation in the course of debates on post-colonialism. At

chemicals to clean and bleach the vast quantities of linen and cotton fabrics. Three substances rose to prominence: sulphuric acid, soda and chlorine. However, their closely related production processes caused

beer production to expand. The mid-19th century saw the golden age of brewing. At that time, many prominent breweries were established that remain in operation to this day. Large brewing operations took over

pollution - hence the combination of the words 'smoke' and 'fog' to form 'smog'. As the number of coal mines and smelting works increased, black smoke became a widespread phenomenon in the British Isles, eventually

Steam power began its triumphal march in the booming textile industry, before moving over to coal mines and steelworks. The next fundamental improvement took place around a hundred years later, once more

The theme of this year's edition of the festival is "Art (in) Industry". Indeed, INDUSTIRADA draws many exciting connections between the two sectors. One of the outstanding architectural achievements