effort. According to international law, prisoners of war could be used as labourers under certain conditions, but as they could not decide on the nature and duration of their work in the German Reich, their [...] and Poles eventually forming the vast majority. On farms and in private households, their living conditions could be bearable - but they were at the mercy of the racism of the German population every day

intelligently-designed tenements. In 1844 he became a founder member of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring classes for whom his first projects were a group of model dwellings in Pentonville

Ebenezer Howard had a vision that would end the poverty and slum conditions suffered by so many in the late Victorian era. Howard dreamed of ´Garden Cities´, where the best elements of town and country

Road is the entrance to the Great Siege Tunnels, where visitors can gain some impression of the conditions experienced by soldiers during the siege. There are gun platforms built at that time high on the

and visitors can learn much from a visit about the construction of ships generally, as well as conditions on warships. Mary Rose a warship of the reign of Henry VIII was built in 1509-11 and sank unexpectedly

workers' association was the British 'Chartists'. They were concerned not only with better working conditions, but also with political participation: In the 'People's Charta' of 1838, they demanded the vote [...] but in the end the governments brutally crushed the uprisings. From the middle of the century, conditions began to improve. In industrial cities, the systematic construction of sanitary facilities began

examples of machinery, equipment and tools which have been used to develop the industrial and social conditions we enjoy today. The second aim of the Museum is to provide any opportunity for the restoration

which was boosted by the vast forests of this Alpine country. Concurrently, industrial working conditions gradually improved, working time was capped at 11 hours and health and accident insurance was

especially in the heartland between the Pruth and Dniester rivers in today's Republic of Moldova, the conditions for industrialisation were poor and the population lived in poverty for centuries. In the Middle

manufacture ... more BELGIUM The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse ... more

century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial period of growth

western or eastern Europe, the history of industry in Greece remains a special case. The initial conditions were unfavourable, as Greece is made up of innumerable widely scattered islands and a mainland

1880s, Switzerland, traditionally a nation of emigration on account of the precarious agricultural conditions, became dependent on immigration. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland

one another. In addition, hardly any other industry boasts the same diversity of manufacturing conditions, which is due to the abundance of textile samples that still shapes the industry and enables even

and children in textile factories had to work shifts of between 14 and 16 hours. Even hen working conditions improved during the course of the 19th century – primarily for children – this tendency was aggravated

workers. For the same reason they were able to postpone any improvements to the catastrophic working conditions for a long time. Thus, for centuries technical developments failed to move on from the Middle Ages

the pioneer of industrialisation, was the first nation to be confronted with these new economic conditions, but the Empire, which expanded almost unchallenged after victories over France, was able to satisfy

great deal of European common ground waiting to be discovered. For a start, the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less the same, assuming that a miner in the Ruhr or the valleys