Theme Routes which are structured according to industrial sectors. 16 Theme Routes (with 44 sub-categories) focus on specific questions relating to European industrial history and reveal - offen in connection [...] : retracing the tracks of the industrial revolution. The result is a "circuit diagram" showing the connections between the main themes of European industrial heritage. In addition to the selection by industry [...] Procedure Regional Routes European Theme Routes Industrial Architecture The continuous improvement in the processing of iron and concrete during the Industrial Revolution opened up new and previously undreamt-of

deposits was discovered: the copper deposits in Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF FINLAND Listen Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation, which started in the mid-20th century, is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests [...] as both labour and charcoal as fuel were available in abundance, Swedish iron ore was refined in Finnish iron works. However, the use of wood as fuel, in saw mills and for the production of tar, was economically

List Searching in History: The Industrial Revolution in France HpT: Révolution industrielle en France et dans le Monde (XIXe) WIKIPEDIA: Economy of France World Atlas: The biggest industries in France Noisiel [...] of the century, when industrial car production had also started in France. Panhard and Lévassor started building cars in Paris in 1886. Three years later, Renault opened its doors in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt [...] However, the Royal Foundry of Le Creusot in Burgundy, which the industrialist Eugène Schneider took over in 1836, developed into probably the most famous steelworks in France: he founded an empire with the

Batumi in 1930. A steel plant was established in Sestaponi in 1933, which forged special alloys using manganese from the mines of Chiatura. Starting in 1950, the Rustavi steelworks, the largest in the Caucasus [...] Silkworm Breeding, founded in Tbilisi in 1887. Today, a museum in the old institute building recalls Georgia’s lost silk manufacturing. A self-aware, working class developed in tandem with the industries [...] played an important role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Georgia declared independence after the First World War, which left massive devastation in its wake, and the 1918 revolution;, but the Soviet Union annexed

country of industrialisation. In mechanical engineering, now the largest industrial sector, an epoch-making innovation was developed in Cologne in 1876, partly financed by the trade in cane sugar from slave [...] constructed in Gliwice before the turn of the 19th century. The English puddling process for steel production was also adopted there at an early stage. In the Aachen region and in Saarland, both of which were [...] the first nuclei of the new industries were formed in the farmland along the Ruhr: in 1758, the St Antony ironworks was founded in Oberhausen, from which the "Gutehoffnungshütte", a later giant of heavy

following the revolution of 1848 result in any productivity gains. The Swiss foundryman Abraham Ganz is numbered among the few industrial pioneers of this era; he built an innovative enterprise in Budapest [...] Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy in 1867. In the subsequent years, Budapest developed into a booming metropolis, and new railways improved transportation. The industrial upswing in the core Austrian territories [...] textile fabrics, coal mines and iron works began appearing in Britain in the mid-18th century, the course of Hungary’s economy was being decided in Vienna. The Habsburg rulers attempted to stimulate the economy

ice-making and fish processing sprang up in the harbour towns. The first fishmeal factory opened in Siglufjördur in 1910, and in 1915 a new port facility began operation in Reykjavίk, whose population doubled [...] starting in the 14th century, as sulphur is a key ingredient in gunpowder. The sulphur trade illustrates the dominance of foreign powers over Iceland: the kings of Norway controlled the mining in the 12th [...] toward the end of the 15th century. Sulphur was mined primarily in the vicinity of Lake Mývatn and in Krýsuvίk on the Reykjanes peninsula in open-cast mines, with Húsavίk serving as the main shipping port

United Kingdom (essay "Industrial Revolution", sites of European Theme Routes, biographies) Lorenz Töpperwien , Cologne, Germany (Achor Points, Regional Routes "Ruhrgebiet" and "Industrial Valleys", translations [...] Verantwortungsbereiches des Autors liegen, würde eine Haftungsverpflichtung ausschließlich in dem Fall in Kraft treten, in dem der Autor von den Inhalten Kenntnis hat und es ihm technisch möglich und zumutbar [...] translations English <> German) Matthias Hennies , Cologne, Germany (industrial history of European countries, history of industries, translations German > English) Dr Peter Wakelin , Llangattock Lingoed, Abergavenny

avoid industrial mass products. And the curved, organic forms of the "Art Nouveau" - in Germany "Jugendstil" - which was widespread throughout Europe, were readily realised in iron and glass - even in industrial [...] of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage combined cast-iron columns and T-beams with load-bearing masonry. In a fish [...] terminus in 1873. The most famous symbol of the time, however, is the iron tower built by the engineer Gustave Eiffel in 1889 for the World's Fair in Paris. Engineers gained increasing influence in the building

INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AZERBAIJAN The industrial history of Azerbaijan is largely a history of oil. Iron, copper and other ores also lie in the country's soil, but mining remained co [...] resources and in particular lacks coal and iron ore, the basic ingredients of the classic heavy industries. Only potash, used in making fertilisers and in glass manufacture ... more BELGIUM The industrial age of [...] significant natural resources, its industrial development did not commence until very late. As in other countries ... more DENMARK Not many nations have succeeded in managing the transition to industr

of complete regions. In the 19th century there was a rapid growth in overexploitation. In Blaenavon in South Wales, for example, one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution, an ironworks with three [...] conflict which exploded in the French Revolution between peasants, citizens and aristocrats in 1789, he strove to find a "middle way" by means of enlightened absolutism. This can still be seen in the gardens [...] areas of industrial landscape. But for centuries before people had been shaping new landscapes: everywhere where valuable treasures were to be found in the soil. At the end of the 17th century in the Netherlands

technical prerequisite for industrialised murder. In January 1942, the SS had a gas chamber built in Auschwitz-Birkenau, followed by a second one in June, after which the capacity was gradually increased. The [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INDUSTRIALISED GENOCIDE Listen The systematic mass murder of Jews and Roma and Sinti during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany is often characterised with [...] could only be carried out using industrial processes. In the course of 1941, the Nazi leadership decided that the so-called "final solution" to the "Jewish question", which had been discussed for decades

1897 and 1913. In 1899, Giovanni Agnelli founded the Fiat works in Turin. Steel plants were built in Piombino and on Elba; the steel barons launched the powerful Ilva group in Genoa, which opened a plant [...] economic decisions in the 19th century: Naples, for instance, was still one of Europe’s leading manufacturing cities in the 18th century. Italy’s history was not lacking in economic innovations: in the Middle [...] first railway was laid from Naples to the nearby Portici industrial region in 1839. The modest industrial upswing continued after national unification in 1861, but the new national currency, the lira, crippled

abolition of serfdom in the Latvian regions of Livonia and Courland at the start of the century freed up an enormous labour force, and the first factories emerged in the cities. In Riga in particular, textile [...] further round of industrialisation. Starting in 1860, trains on the line from St. Petersburg and Warsaw stopped in Daugavpils, with Riga added in 1861. In the following years, the Russo-Balt Wagon Factory [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LATVIA Listen Latvia’s industrialisation was quite similar to Estonia’s: in the 19th century, both countries were under the rule of the Russian czars, and both lacked classical

Companies werne established mainly in the metal, machinery and apparatus industries, , and many of these businesses are still in operation today. The Scana cannery, which opened in 1935, developed into the food [...] one of the most industrialised countries in the world. Nevertheless, the majority of the workforce (62%) now works in the service sector: the financial services industry in particular has become an important [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LIECHTENSTEIN Listen For centuries, this tiny Alpine country, founded in 1719, was considered the poor relation of Europe: situated in the Rhine valley, with Austria to the

agricultural cooperatives. Much as in Denmark, the farmers succeeded in transitioning from grain exports to the production of milk products and ham, which were in demand in the West and generated greater profits [...] the 1950s. The chemical plant in Kėdainiai was founded in 1959, and is still in operation today under the name “Lifosa”; a factory for artificial fertilizer opened in Jonava in 1962, and is now operated by [...] great tracts of land remained in the hands of large landowners even after the formal abolition of serfdom in 1861. The rural population suffered under high unemployment. In the same year, 1861, the first

sprung up in the surrounding district. Norbert Metz, in particular, the brother of the industrial pioneer Auguste Metz, erected new ironworks in Esch. The flourishing business was further boosted in 1879 with [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LUXEMBOURG Listen Who would have thought that this small country in the heart of Europe was once one of the largest iron producers in the world? Whereas the north of Luxemburg [...] prime example of the cross-border history in the three country area of the Saarland, Lorraine and Luxemburg. It was first set up in Lorraine by Jean-Francois Boch in 1748, and soon the business began an early

Knights of St John, which had relocated its headquarters from Rhodes in 1530 in the face of the advancing Ottoman threat. However, the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in 1767 with the invention [...] it for a major role in naval matters in particular. For several centuries, a profitable textile industry also developed on the basis of cotton, which the Arabs brought to Malta in the 9th century. The [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MALTA Listen Malta and its surrounding islands have very little in the way of natural resources. Only the limestone, which is suitable for making cement. Additionally, the

collieries in the Harz mountains in 1834. Lifts were then built into the shafts in British collieries, and wooden pithead scaffolding erected to hold the cable wheel. New technical developments in ventilation [...] from European and American collieries was the universal fuel during the Industrial Revolution. Nonetheless technical inventions in mining played a relatively insignificant role. The main cause was the ongoing [...] extraction pumps. In order for collieries to remain independent of fluctuations in natural water supplies. coal was also brought to the surface with the help of hydraulic power. The Oker pond in the German Harz

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MONACO Listen The principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi family since 1297. They were stripped of their power during the French Revolution, but in 1861 France restored [...] the village of La Turbie. Last but not least, the annual Grand Prix, which, since the first race in 1929, past the former old gasworks in the hairpin bend called the "Gazomètre". The Grand Prix, is one of [...] A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival. In 1861, the now legendary casino was opened, and a few years