"killing machine" or "factories of death" - and indeed the planned killing of some 6 million Jews could only be carried out using industrial processes. In the course of 1941, the Nazi leadership decided [...] camps perverted the idea ofindustrial mass production into its absolute opposite. Instead of producing products for human use, they destroyed human beings and produced ashes instead of products. Related Links: [...] ON THE DARK SIDES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INDUSTRIALISED GENOCIDE Listen The systematic mass murder of Jews and Roma and Sinti during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany is often characterised with
neighbouring industrial centres of a single country. International interrelations like this are one of the reasons why entrepreneurs in the Bergisches Land ("Country of Berg" or "Land of Berg") called [...] or routes. The industrialization of the 19th century entailed a concentration on a small number ofindustrial zones scattered all over Europe, which – a common feature of that time – resembled each other [...] l hubs of the industry meanwhile host museums devoted to cutlery, whereas new players such as Portugal did not (yet) enter this level of awareness with history. Moreover, the global pattern of the cutlery
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Listen Although Bosnia-Herzegovina is a land of fertile fields and significant natural resources, its industrial development did not commence until very [...] overpopulation, a shortage of capital and an inadequate infrastructure, the extremely low level of education also played a role: even at the end of the 1930s, close to two thirds of the Bosnian population [...] expansion of the iron works doubled the population of Zenica. Bauxite mining began in the eastern part of the country in 1959, which gave rise to a significant aluminium industry. Yugoslavia’s industrial production
Related Links Industrial and technical heritage on Kvarner WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Croatia World Atlas: The biggest industries in Croatia Rijeka.Tvornica (Hartera) Paper Factory Croatia was part of the 'Socialist [...] Federal Republic of Yugoslavia', which disintegrated since 1991. Therefore, for completeness, please also read our articles on the industrial history of the other states that were formerly part of Yugoslavia [...] Kingdom of Hungary to the east. Only the merchants of the medieval city of Ragusa, today Dubrovnik, largely succeeded in preserving their independence by adroitly playing the great powers off against each
different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept of the "free worker" instead of the slave economy and free trade instead of customs [...] because of the lack of zinc. As early as the 16th century, Portuguese merchants had millions of brass bracelets made in the German Rhineland to pay for the slaves supplied to them by the kings of Benin. [...] sabre-rattling of the powerful industrial nations, which increasingly rivalled aggressively for colonies, were the needs of the dominant industries. Industrialisation also changed the ideological side of colonialism:
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GEORGIA Listen The peaks of the Caucasus to the north; the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea nearby to the east: for thousands of years, Georgia has been at the crossroads [...] programme of industrialization. The use of water power began in 1927 with the hydroelectric plant in Avchala, near Tbilisi; the plant on the Rioni River near the expanding industrial city of Kutaisi went [...] In order to expand the transportation of crude oil from Baku – now part of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan – the government approved construction of a further pipeline to Batumi in 1930. A
HISTORY OF TEXTILES PRODUCTION Listen The eighteenth century cotton mills in Britain with their rows of spinning frames and thousands of rattling bobbins heralded the coming of the Industrial Revolution [...] ion of the textile industry began with spinning. The striking lack of yarn in the wool industry, one of the most important sectors of the British economy, led to attempts to mechanise the work of the spinners [...] important stock exchange, and the expanding industrial city of Manchester made the county of Lancashire the leading textile region in the world. Hundreds of thousands of workers abandoned the countryside for
the territory of the modern country was in the hands of three different foreign powers. The fertile black-earth region to the west of the Dniepr was long held by the great power of the Poland-Lithuanian [...] be seen in the Kyiv Aviation Museum. Soon, the Ukraine was producing around half of all the USSR’s tanks and missiles, making the country a centre of the military-industrial complex. However, as in the [...] was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ANDORRA Listen The Principality of Andorra boasts a unique economic history. On account of its inaccessible location high in the Pyrenees, far from any trade routes, and with [...] characteristic of the structure of Andorra’s economy that Julià Reig i Ribó, a son of the founder, also launched a bank and a real estate enterprise in the 1950s. In the latter half of the 20 th century [...] it was ruled by two foreign “co-princes”: The Bishop of La Seu d’Urgell – the Catalonian city to the south – and the Count of Foix to the north of the mountains, whose rights fell to the French crown in
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF KOSOVO Listen The country has plains of fertile farmland and rich deposits of ores and lignite, but it has never managed to get sustainable development off the ground. The [...] backlog of modernisation. In addition, Kosovo itself had hardly any plants for the processing of its raw materials, so that the industry collapsed after the disintegration of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia [...] country's declaration of independence in 2008, the economic crisis worsened. Related Link WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kosovo Mitrovica. Trepça mine Kosovo was part of the 'Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia', which
the middle of the 18th century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were [...] Turkestan-Sibirian Railway (Painting by Abilkhan Kasteyev. State Art Museumof Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991 [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN Listen Geographically, only a small part of the country lies in Europe. The larger part lies in Asia: according to the current view, the continental border runs
poverty and backwardness. The installation of a printing press in the village of Obod, near the capital of Cetinje, in 1493 – just a few years after the invention of printing – was a landmark event. But no [...] record in 2001. The country’s industrial production, amounting to around 5% in 1947, grew to over one third of overall economic output by the 1970s and the number ofindustrial workers exceeded agricultural [...] Montenegro was part of the 'Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia', which disintegrated since 1991. Therefore, for completeness, please also read our articles on the industrial history of the other states
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN Listen The industrial history of Azerbaijan is largely a story of petroleum. Although the earth beneath this nation also holds iron, copper and other ores, their [...] construction of a large hydroelectric plant at Mingǝçevir Reservoir in 1948 led to the founding of the city of the same name, which became a centre of light industry, primarily the production of construction [...] from Europe’s booming industrial nations rushed into the country, and Baku saw the emergence of the legendary “Black City”, a cluster of oil refining operations. On the “white” side of the booming metropolis
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ARMENIA Listen Civilisation in Armenia is thousands of years old, but the high mountains and deep valleys of the Lesser Caucasus are a major obstacle to economic development [...] 1960s. The Museumof Science and Technology in Yerevan documents these pioneering achievements. In order to remedy the greatest weakness of the Armenian economy, the Soviet leadership had a number of new thermal [...] was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet
Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Moldova? Chișinău. Old Station (oldchisinau.com) Moldova was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MOLDOVA Listen The fertile black soil is the country's only significant resource; the few mineral resources worth mentioning are limestone and gypsum, which can be used for [...] for the production of building materials. Therefore, especially in the heartland between the Pruth and Dniester rivers in today's Republic of Moldova, the conditions for industrialisation were poor and the
trawlers were constructed in the port of Klaipėda. The systematic integration of the republics of the Union and the allied nations was a key element of the economic policy of the USSR. The countries were assigned [...] opening of the King Wilhelm Canal, which linked the Memel with the port of Klaipėda and allowed mariners to circumvent the Curonian Lagoon. The first industrial enterprises were formed toward the end of the [...] was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet
enrichment of the European industrial landscape to this day. Some of the very first industrial breweries still exist today, either fulfilling their original function or not. The majority of breweries can [...] BREWING OF BEER Listen Beer has been an enjoyable part of social interaction since ancient times and this fact is, naturally, reflected in the cultural landscape of Europe. In the Early Middle Ages, it [...] in volume; in fact, the remnants of beer production can be found in some monasteries still today. Later, at the end of the Middle Ages, in connection with the founding of royal towns, royal breweries, burghers’
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF TURKEY Listen By the beginning of the 20th century, the once-glorious Ottoman Empire had deteriorated for all practical purposes into an agricultural colony of the West. Due [...] santral istanbul energy museum – was established in Istanbul under the Ottomans, the new era saw the construction of numerous power and hydroelectric plants. After the Great Depression of 1929, the government [...] become independent of imports. The giant steel works in Ereğli on the Black Sea commenced operation in 1965. Among the increasing number of private start-ups was the first bakery of sweets manufacturer
the basis of cotton, which the Arabs brought to Malta in the 9th century. The governments protected this trade through a wide range of laws and decrees – even the Grand Masters of the Order of the Knights [...] and the US quickly squeezed the Maltese producers out of the market. Following the arrival of the Order of the Knights of St John, maritime-related trades gained in importance, particularly ship maintenance [...] mooring when it began replacing a portion of its galleys with larger, sail-driven ships of the line. However, due to the severe lack of raw materials on Malta, most of these were built in France. Dockyard Creek
there and a densely populated industrial region developed around the cities of Kerkrade and Heerlen. Even the crises of the interwar period could not stop the momentum of the upswing: in 1919 the airline [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS Listen Industrialisation came late: on the one hand, because the Netherlands had only small deposits of the key raw materials coal and iron ore, and on the [...] revenues played as the technologies of the industrial age gradually took hold in the Netherlands is still unclear. In any case, they contributed to the construction of the railway network, which began in
