distances. Textile manufacture was the leading industry in Europe: from the 16th century onwards it was basically organised on such a system. The first types of factories grew up in the 17th century, [...] before these principles could be used to make the first effective refrigerator. An American by the name of Jacob Perkins is reputed to have built the first model in 1835. Around 20 years later an Australian [...] cooling methods was an important step. In 1748 a Scotsman by the name of William Cullen was the first man to demonstrate how to extract warmth from the environment by reducing a fluid to steam. The process

fell into the hands of the czars. During this period, the land-owning Polish nobility erected the first grain mills and factories for processing agricultural products here, particularly sugar beets. The [...] multiple Black Sea ports for strategic reasons, including the subsequent metropolis Odessa. The first iron rolling mill was erected in Luhansk in the coal-rich Donez Basin in 1795, also for the military [...] much needed impetus to industrialisation by freeing up labour for the factories. Construction of the first railway began in 1866, which made it possible to transport wheat from Balta to Odessa. Even more important

regions of Livonia and Courland at the start of the century freed up an enormous labour force, and the first factories emerged in the cities. In Riga in particular, textile, wood, metal-working and tobacco- [...] shipbuilding dating back to the 17th century– and Liepaja also expanded their shipyards. In 1899, the first Latvian car was built in the bicycle factory Leutner & Co., and wagon-maker Russo-Balt commenced car [...] switchboards. With its local champion VEF, Riga became an important location for the electronics industry – not least because such products were in great demand by the military. Latvia now numbered among

Russian Empire – only a few factories were established to process “home-grown” raw materials. The first steam engine was installed in a textile mill in the 1820s, and the subsequent years of the century [...] until the abolition of serfdom under Alexander II in 1861 and the construction of the railways. The first railway station was built in Hrodna (Grodno) in the extreme west of Belarus, where the link from St [...] in Wizebsk to sawmills in Minsk, mostly came from western nations. World War I was followed by a first phase of independence, but already by 1920 the “Belarus Socialist Soviet Republic” was governed from

enormous quantities of construction timber and firewood, food, and iron products. From the 1820s on, the first Finnish textile factories appeared. Driven by the availability of water power and an exemption from [...] extensive watershed of Lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland. Starting in 1862, trains traversed the first railway line running inland from Helsinki, and the vital link to St. Petersburg was completed in 1870 [...] demanded primarily metal products, from ships and railroad cars to machine tools, the metal-working industry was compelled to modernise extensively, a process which ultimately made the nation competitive in

was recognised as an independent state in 1878, the government worked to encourage the growth of industry. Up until World War I, typical “entry-level” industries such as food production, textile manufacturing [...] the strongest growth occurred in the area of oil production. In the region of Ploieʂti, where the first well went into production in 1858, more drilling rigs were built, and new oil fields were opened up [...] nationalistic slogans as “we by ourselves”, but foreign capital and know-how remained essential. The first railway lines were also built with the aid of foreign investment. After the opening of the Danube

ON THE HISTORY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Listen The emergence of the chemical industry was triggered by the mechanisation of English textile production in the second half of the 18th century. The output [...] became the first industrial chemical. Factories supplied acid mainly for pickling metals until demand exploded for bleaching linen and cotton. By the beginning of the 19th century, the first continuous [...] helped to alleviate hunger, but was first used to make explosives - without which the German Empire would probably have been forced to surrender at the beginning of the First World War for lack of ammunition

Briton John Fowler was the first to use a steam engine to pull a plough instead of a team of animals. Towards the end of the 19th century, George Stockton Berry developed the first self-propelled combine harvester [...] as it had been in industry. Liebig's discovery, published in 1840, that the minerals nitrogen, potassium salt and phosphorus are essential for plant growth made it possible for the first time to produce [...] ON THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Listen The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the first steps in a long-term 'agricultural revolution' that began in Britain in the 18th century and continued

the local market was flooded with machine-woven fabrics, ruining the centuries-old Indian textile industry. Instead of sugar and coffee as consumer goods, European entrepreneurs now imported huge quantities [...] in 1807, England banned the slave trade, and in 1833 it also largely banned slavery - not as the first, but as the nation that could halfway enforce this decision worldwide thanks to its superior navy

since 1929, the population grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second World War, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories [...] century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were in the middle of the [...] copper smelter near Karaganda, and coal mining in Ekibastuz. In 1899, a Russian company drilled the first oil well, and from 1908, with the help of foreign investors, the "black gold" was extracted on a large

known as “Russia’s Manchester”, the first cotton spinning machine went into operation in Shlisselburg at the end of the century, and 1805 saw the commissioning of the first steam engine in St. Petersburg. [...] channel funding into heavy industry, production of hard coal increased, as did iron and steel production, and towards the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation [...] the task of developing the economy fell solely to the state. Czar Peter the Great initiated the first wave of industrialisation in the early 18th century, with the aim of strengthening his empire militarily

increasingly facing the retirement of their first generation of professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these industrial communities at first hand. Effective methods are needed to transfer [...] Industrial heritage is more than just industrial buildings and machinery, the "tangible" remains of industry. It also includes the complex knowledge of how to operate and maintain machinery, a wide range of [...] change' , the conference showcased practical examples of preserving and passing on the knowledge of first-generation workers from different countries. It was also a platform for sharing and critically discussing

France restored Monaco's independence under the rule of the Grimaldis. A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival [...] city limits to the village of La Turbie. Last but not least, the annual Grand Prix, which, since the first race in 1929, past the former old gasworks in the hairpin bend called the "Gazomètre". The Grand Prix

of Italy. It has no industry and must be supplied from outside with virtually all necessities, including electricity, gas and water. The closest the Vatican City has to an industry is its Printing Office [...] for trains of the Italian state railways was built in the gardens behind St. Peter's Basilica. The first pope to use it was John-Paul XXIII in 1962. In the meantime, tourist excursions to the papal summer

banned slavery, and in 1898 Cuba also became independent. In Spain itself, the first surge of industrialisation came when the first cotton factory to run on steam power opened in Barcelona in 1832. Mechanical [...] The chemical industry, which manufactured plastics, pharmaceuticals and fertilizers – often with foreign capital as well – formed a second pillar of the economy. The electrical industry also grew, not [...] steel works. The INI attempted to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while the Catalan textile industry, consisting of smaller workshops, collapsed. Although not

function alone for the first time, here for hygienic reasons. The light-flooded buildings constructed almost entirely of iron and glass then had a revolutionary effect: The first was a palm house in the [...] large buildings. In 1927, Albert Kahn completed the first large-scale plant in Dearborn near Detroit for the Ford factories, which were the first to consistently use assembly line work: a huge hall made [...] material, and concrete. Iron constructions were used to reduce the risk of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage combined

Georgia’s natural resources were exploited early on. Some researchers identify the country as among the first pre-historic cultures to learn how to smelt copper. The ancient legend of the Golden Fleece recalls [...] Walter von Siemens, the brother of famous entrepreneur and inventor Werner von Siemens, built the first oil derricks in the Russian Empire to extract Georgian oil. Ludwig Nobel, brother of dynamite inventor [...] which commenced operation in 1907. Today, a museum in Batumi documents the history of the petroleum industry. At the same time, both the Czar of Russia and the German steel group Krupp invested in mining the

steel oil tanks and laid the first pipelines from the oil wells to their refinery. To accelerate transport to the heart of the Russian Empire, they commissioned the first ocean-going oil tanker to carry [...] and Gas University, was founded in 1920 as the first institute for the training of petroleum engineers. Production of natural gas began in 1928. The first offshore drilling in the Caspian Sea was undertaken [...] Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan History of development of oil industry World Atlas: The biggest industries in Azerbaijan Neft Daşları. Oil platform

Yerevan was connected. Slowly, a working class formed and the first signs of urbanisation appeared in the mining centres. During the First World War and the following turmoil, the still agrarian, backward [...] and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation was intensified and in 1887 the first factory for cognac production was built in Yerevan – cognac still is Armenia's best-known export today [...] programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant was built, and in 1936, construction began on the Sevan-Hrasdan Cascade

using a fashionable, rectangular grid, street pattern, that is still well preserved. In 1867, the first train towards Odessa rolled out of the railway station in Tiraspol in today's Transnistria, east of [...] wines and spirits today, opened in Tiraspol, but sustained growth failed to materialise. After the First World War, Moldova became part of Romania. Although the new government immediately introduced agricultural [...] Soviet republics, the emphasis was on the mechanisation of agriculture and the expansion of the food industry. Sugar factories, dairies and canning plants were built, and thanks to new, large-scale wine presses