and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for the first plants of Russian industry. more LUXEMBOURG Who would have thought that this small country in the heart of Europe [...] farming ... more ESTONIA After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such as the saw mill in Räpina, glass works at Põltsama ... more [...] mentioning are limestone and gypsum, which can be used for the production of ... more MONACO No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival
"Société Générale", the first joint-stock bank, was founded and soon afterwards the Banque de Belgique. Both provided targeted investment capital for the development of industry: Belgium was also a pioneer [...] Brussels to Mechelen - the first section of the long-distance line from Antwerp via the burgeoning industrial cities of Liège and Verviers to Cologne, which was opened in 1843 as the first international railway [...] and efficient agriculture provided the large landowners with investment capital. Belgium was the first place on the continent where one of the revolutionary British steam-powered machines was installed:
Marché"opened in Paris the first of its chain of world-famous department stores. The brothers Émile and Isaac Pereire, bitter rivals of the Rothschild bankers, founded the first investment bank, "Crédit [...] railway network was delayed by strong resistance and the notorious shortage of capital. In 1827, the first train carried coal from the mining area around St. Etienne to the Loire for shipment, and in 1832 [...] "Crédit Mobilier". At the end of the century, another push followed. Heavy industry in Lorraine profited when a new smelting process was used to eliminate the troublesome phosphorus from the "Minette" ores found
like woven silk, china and leather goods. Such traditional trades were the first to be mechanised and this explains why the first major strikes happened in the silk-processing industries. Skilled workers [...] The first large-scale organised workers movements were successful in demanding higher wages, and demands for a twelve-hour working day were soon followed by demands for a ten-hour day. The first improvements [...] dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750 onwards for the next century or so. The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical weaving looms
over one thousand people. Howevere, the first car of K.u.K. (imperial and royal) Monarchy was built in Moravia in 1888. As in Western Europe an electrical industry emerged, also centred on Vienna, and electric [...] trade and travel. Nor could Trieste, the only sizeable port of the Habsburg Empire, develop into a first-class trading centre on the northern rim of the Mediterranean. Additionally, the nation’s elite were [...] Galicia. The Südbahn, or "Southern Line", ran via Laibach to Trieste; the Semmeringbahn, Europe’s first mountain railway, formed one section of this. The development of the polytechnic schools in Vienna
not until the 1950s that more Danes were employed in industry than in agriculture. Related Links ERIH Link List 1001 Stories of Denmark: Theme "Industry. From Mills to Computers" WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Denmark [...] second pillar of prosperity was international trade. In the 18th century, the neutral Danes profited first from the war between the great powers England and France and then from the American War of Independence; [...] about 1%, it gave a noticeable boost to the economy of the small country. In 1792, Denmark became the first European country to ban the trade in humans, but it continued illegally. Ultimately, Denmark’s successful
of the spinning works lagged dramatically behind that of the British industry. Later, a major industrial zone evolved when the first tentative attempts at machine tool manufacturing emerged in the Mila [...] impact. However, this dynamism had largely run its course by the Industrial Age. A large-scale cotton industry developed around 1840, particularly in and around Milan and in the Piedmont region. Silk working [...] city was home to shipyards and iron works, machine shops and vehicle makers. As a result,, Italy’s first railway was laid from Naples to the nearby Portici industrial region in 1839. The modest industrial
textile industry there starting in 1820 – with all the adverse side effects: exploitation of workers and dramatic environmental pollution. At about the same time, a major centre of heavy industry emerged [...] century, and 1788 saw the commissioning of the first steam engine in the revitalised silver and lead mining operations in Tarnowitz (Tarnowskie Góry). The first coke-fired blast furnace went into operation [...] became difficult to sell. On the whole though, the chemical industry of the region remained on a relatively modest level. Once state-sponsored industry had set the process in motion, Silesian landowners became
appeared in the first half of the 18th century: entrepreneur Jonas Alströmer founded a partially mechanised textile factory in Alingsås, and the polymath engineer Mårten Triewald erected the first steam engine [...] heavy industry, including energy, chemical and machine-tool industries and wood-based paper manufacturing. Fed by the country’s enormous hydroelectric potential, a flourishing electrical industry emerged [...] in the world. Sweden secured its status as a leading industrial nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied all parties, particularly
owners and ultimately connected the Black Sea coast and eastern Anatolia to its network. Although the first Turkish power station – today the santral istanbul energy museum – was established in Istanbul under [...] hydroelectric plants. After the Great Depression of 1929, the government pushed the establishment of industry. Following the example of the Soviet Union, the government formulated five-year plans and founded [...] the Black Sea commenced operation in 1965. Among the increasing number of private start-ups was the first bakery of sweets manufacturer Ülker in 1944, today a global business. Ömer Sabancı, originally a cotton
Leitenberger commissioned the first water-powered, cotton spinning machine in Verneřice (formerly Wernstädt). The first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801, with the first steam engines appearing in [...] agricultural production but also established a considerable food industry, in particular the manufacture of sugar from beet and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries [...] manufacture high-strength iron for making rails and other products. The chemical industry also flourished in the first quarter of the century, particularly thanks to the initiative of Bohemian entrepreneur
began in isolated cases. The textile industry was also a pioneer in Germany, especially in established locations such as the Rhineland, Silesia and Saxony. The first German spinning machine was constructed [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GERMANY Listen Germany's first machine spinning mill, built in 1784 in Ratingen near Düsseldorf, was called "Cromford" after its famous English predecessor, but it did not [...] Prussian state took care of modernisation and aristocratic landowners raised capital for investment: The first coke blast furnaces were built and steam engines were constructed in Gliwice before the turn of the
a major industry. After the abolition of the guilds and a reduction in customs duties, new businesses were founded: As was so often the case, textile manufacturing was the pioneer, and the first mechanical [...] in the world at the turn of the century. Inland, transport routes were now being developed: On the first railway line, opened in 1854, from Eidsvoll on the southern edge of Lake Mjøsa to Kristiania, the [...] after which it is named via numerous barrages to the port of Skien. To improve coastal shipping, the first steamship of the "Hurtigrouten" was put into service in 1893, regularly calling at Hammerfest at the
banned slavery, and in 1898 Cuba also became independent. In Spain itself, the first surge of industrialisation came when the first cotton factory to run on steam power opened in Barcelona in 1832. Mechanical [...] The chemical industry, which manufactured plastics, pharmaceuticals and fertilizers – often with foreign capital as well – formed a second pillar of the economy. The electrical industry also grew, not [...] steel works. The INI attempted to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while the Catalan textile industry, consisting of smaller workshops, collapsed. Although not
train transported coal and passengers for the first time. The locomotive came from the workshop of George Stephenson in Newcastle, who then built the first long-distance line between Manchester and the [...] pioneers of steam-powered shipping came from the USA, but the first iron-hulled steamer was built by the Briton Aaron Manby in 1822. The first scheduled steamship connection with North America was established [...] accessible deposits of the key resources coal and iron ore lay in the soils of Great Britain. The first pioneering inventions were triggered by a shortage of wood, the main fuel for businesses and households
the key materials of the industrial era - from iron ore. First, the ore has to be smelted in the blast furnace. more Service and Leisure Industry The Industrial Revolution resulted in more and more smokestacks [...] ROUTES ILLUSTRATE THE CONNECTIONS Listen Currently ERIH presents over 2,400 sites of all branches of industry from all countries, that are partly or entirely considered part of Europe from a political, cultural [...] connections between the main themes of European industrial heritage. In addition to the selection by industry, you can also list company museums and sites that offer factory tours and industrial heritage properties
enormous quantities of construction timber and firewood, food, and iron products. From the 1820s on, the first Finnish textile factories appeared. Driven by the availability of water power and an exemption from [...] extensive watershed of Lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland. Starting in 1862, trains traversed the first railway line running inland from Helsinki, and the vital link to St. Petersburg was completed in 1870 [...] demanded primarily metal products, from ships and railroad cars to machine tools, the metal-working industry was compelled to modernise extensively, a process which ultimately made the nation competitive in
on industry. The economy grew almost as fast as Japan’s, and productivity improved significantly. In 1968, the share of industry in gross domestic product exceeded that of agriculture for the first time [...] experience its first, modest economic upturn until the 1860s. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product declined, surprisingly mainly in favour of the service sector. But industry grew as well, [...] GREECE Listen Regardless of whether we compare it with western or eastern Europe, the history of industry in Greece remains a special case. The initial conditions were unfavourable, as Greece is made up
important the agricultural sector was for the country. From around 1850, industry began to diversify: the machine tool industry emerged as Swiss engineers were designing their own spinning and weaving [...] Although even more textile factories were established and watch housings were soon mass-produced, industry as a whole expanded only slowly. Many high-value goods were still made by hand, as there was no [...] electricity instead of mechanical energy: in 1881-82 the cities of Lausanne and St. Moritz built the first power plants to illuminate their streets. The city of Schaffhausen constructed a large power plant
brought more and more factories to Hungary as well. Due to the significance of agriculture the food industry predominated, with flour mills concentrated in Budapest. Wood-working and metal-working operations [...] catching up with western Europe. But the radical reordering of south eastern Europe following the First World War brought progress to a standstill: Hungary was partitioned from Austria and its sovereign [...] dependence on foreign capital and continuing rural unemployment. By the start of the Second World War, industry had still not recovered to its previous level, the economic crisis triggered in 1929 added to the
