At about the same time, Hrastnik on the Sava witnessed the emergence of glass manufacturing, an industry that still flourishes today, in addition to the coal mines. Also at this time, the Habsburgs developed [...] merchants settled there and established an exchange, insurance companies and banks. Therefore, Slovenia’s first surge of industrialisation starting in the mid-19th century was financed largely with capital from [...] from Trieste, for instance the TKI chemical works in Hrastnik, which still exist today. The first steam engines were deployed in Ljubljana. Foreign-controlled corporations acquired the iron works at Jesenice

a major industry. After the abolition of the guilds and a reduction in customs duties, new businesses were founded: As was so often the case, textile manufacturing was the pioneer, and the first mechanical [...] in the world at the turn of the century. Inland, transport routes were now being developed: On the first railway line, opened in 1854, from Eidsvoll on the southern edge of Lake Mjøsa to Kristiania, the [...] after which it is named via numerous barrages to the port of Skien. To improve coastal shipping, the first steamship of the "Hurtigrouten" was put into service in 1893, regularly calling at Hammerfest at the

important the agricultural sector was for the country. From around 1850, industry began to diversify: the machine tool industry emerged as Swiss engineers were designing their own spinning and weaving [...] Although even more textile factories were established and watch housings were soon mass-produced, industry as a whole expanded only slowly. Many high-value goods were still made by hand, as there was no [...] electricity instead of mechanical energy: in 1881-82 the cities of Lausanne and St. Moritz built the first power plants to illuminate their streets. The city of Schaffhausen constructed a large power plant

brought more and more factories to Hungary as well. Due to the significance of agriculture the food industry predominated, with flour mills concentrated in Budapest. Wood-working and metal-working operations [...] catching up with western Europe. But the radical reordering of south eastern Europe following the First World War brought progress to a standstill: Hungary was partitioned from Austria and its sovereign [...] dependence on foreign capital and continuing rural unemployment. By the start of the Second World War, industry had still not recovered to its previous level, the economic crisis triggered in 1929 added to the

impeted the path to industrialisation. Although a textile factory was founded in Sliven in 1834, the first in the entire Balkans, the country remained a predominantly agricultural nation for over one hundred [...] attained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 it lacked the capital required to build its industry: even then, the country was dependent on foreign investment. Still, further textile factories were [...] Gabrovo, the traditional centre for wool processing – along with food processing operations. The first railway line was built in 1866: from Russe on the Danube to the Black Sea port of Varna, the departure

on industry. The economy grew almost as fast as Japan’s, and productivity improved significantly. In 1968, the share of industry in gross domestic product exceeded that of agriculture for the first time [...] experience its first, modest economic upturn until the 1860s. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product declined, surprisingly mainly in favour of the service sector. But industry grew as well, [...] GREECE Listen Regardless of whether we compare it with western or eastern Europe, the history of industry in Greece remains a special case. The initial conditions were unfavourable, as Greece is made up

over one thousand people. Howevere, the first car of K.u.K. (imperial and royal) Monarchy was built in Moravia in 1888. As in Western Europe an electrical industry emerged, also centred on Vienna, and electric [...] trade and travel. Nor could Trieste, the only sizeable port of the Habsburg Empire, develop into a first-class trading centre on the northern rim of the Mediterranean. Additionally, the nation’s elite were [...] Galicia. The Südbahn, or "Southern Line", ran via Laibach to Trieste; the Semmeringbahn, Europe’s first mountain railway, formed one section of this. The development of the polytechnic schools in Vienna

agricultural sector was extremely backward, the result was massive labour migration and emigration. The first railway line, from Bratislava to nearby Svätý Jur, opened in 1840 and soon extended to Vienna. Budapest [...] ethnic tensions and the economic lag behind the Czech part of the country. In addition to the steel industry, dominated by the military, and machinery, this policy established chemical plants, cellulose and

extensive destruction. It then became a part of the Soviet Union, whose first act was to exploit Estonian fuel deposits. The oil shale industry resumed production as early as 1946, and gas extracted from oil shale [...] HISTORY OF ESTONIA Listen After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such as the saw mill in Räpina, glass works at Põltsama and a porcelain [...] Tallinn’s port handled the second-largest volume of cargo in Russia, after Saint Petersburg. Prior to the First World War, it was expanded with shipyards, in particular for the Czarist navy. During the war, mining

textile industry there starting in 1820 – with all the adverse side effects: exploitation of workers and dramatic environmental pollution. At about the same time, a major centre of heavy industry emerged [...] century, and 1788 saw the commissioning of the first steam engine in the revitalised silver and lead mining operations in Tarnowitz (Tarnowskie Góry). The first coke-fired blast furnace went into operation [...] became difficult to sell. On the whole though, the chemical industry of the region remained on a relatively modest level. Once state-sponsored industry had set the process in motion, Silesian landowners became

owners and ultimately connected the Black Sea coast and eastern Anatolia to its network. Although the first Turkish power station – today the santral istanbul energy museum – was established in Istanbul under [...] hydroelectric plants. After the Great Depression of 1929, the government pushed the establishment of industry. Following the example of the Soviet Union, the government formulated five-year plans and founded [...] the Black Sea commenced operation in 1965. Among the increasing number of private start-ups was the first bakery of sweets manufacturer Ülker in 1944, today a global business. Ömer Sabancı, originally a cotton

appeared in the first half of the 18th century: entrepreneur Jonas Alströmer founded a partially mechanised textile factory in Alingsås, and the polymath engineer Mårten Triewald erected the first steam engine [...] heavy industry, including energy, chemical and machine-tool industries and wood-based paper manufacturing. Fed by the country’s enormous hydroelectric potential, a flourishing electrical industry emerged [...] in the world. Sweden secured its status as a leading industrial nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied all parties, particularly

Leitenberger commissioned the first water-powered, cotton spinning machine in Verneřice (formerly Wernstädt). The first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801, with the first steam engines appearing in [...] agricultural production but also established a considerable food industry, in particular the manufacture of sugar from beet and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries [...] manufacture high-strength iron for making rails and other products. The chemical industry also flourished in the first quarter of the century, particularly thanks to the initiative of Bohemian entrepreneur

and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for the first plants of Russian industry. more LUXEMBOURG Who would have thought that this small country in the heart of Europe [...] farming ... more ESTONIA After the Russian Czars assimilated Estonia into their empire in 1710, the first manufactories gradually emerged, such as the saw mill in Räpina, glass works at Põltsama ... more [...] mentioning are limestone and gypsum, which can be used for the production of ... more MONACO No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival

of the spinning works lagged dramatically behind that of the British industry. Later, a major industrial zone evolved when the first tentative attempts at machine tool manufacturing emerged in the Mila [...] impact. However, this dynamism had largely run its course by the Industrial Age. A large-scale cotton industry developed around 1840, particularly in and around Milan and in the Piedmont region. Silk working [...] city was home to shipyards and iron works, machine shops and vehicle makers. As a result,, Italy’s first railway was laid from Naples to the nearby Portici industrial region in 1839. The modest industrial

Marché"opened in Paris the first of its chain of world-famous department stores. The brothers Émile and Isaac Pereire, bitter rivals of the Rothschild bankers, founded the first investment bank, "Crédit [...] railway network was delayed by strong resistance and the notorious shortage of capital. In 1827, the first train carried coal from the mining area around St. Etienne to the Loire for shipment, and in 1832 [...] "Crédit Mobilier". At the end of the century, another push followed. Heavy industry in Lorraine profited when a new smelting process was used to eliminate the troublesome phosphorus from the "Minette" ores found

began in isolated cases. The textile industry was also a pioneer in Germany, especially in established locations such as the Rhineland, Silesia and Saxony. The first German spinning machine was constructed [...] ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GERMANY Listen Germany's first machine spinning mill, built in 1784 in Ratingen near Düsseldorf, was called "Cromford" after its famous English predecessor, but it did not [...] Prussian state took care of modernisation and aristocratic landowners raised capital for investment: The first coke blast furnaces were built and steam engines were constructed in Gliwice before the turn of the

Forced labour was first used on a significant scale during the First World War, when the German Reich employed nearly three million prisoners of war and civilians from abroad in industry and agriculture [...] prisoners of war from West and East, and concentration camp inmates were forced to work in German industry and agriculture. In August 1944, the civilian labour force alone amounted to 6 million people, a [...] women. After unsuccessful recruitment attempts, labour was conscripted in all occupied countries: First in the Czech Republic and Poland, then in Western Europe, with Russians and Poles eventually forming

inevitable side effect of the industrial boom. From about the middle of the 18th century, the chemical industry also played its part in the increasing destruction of the environment. The mass production of the [...] deposited in landfills, from where water-soluble elements leached into the groundwater. London's first sewers emptied into the Thames just behind the city, so that floods pushed the filth back into the [...] but the fact that the wind simply carried the pollution further away was largely ignored. In the first half of the 20th century, wars and economic crises hampered research into environmental degradation

remained a significant enrichment of the European industrial landscape to this day. Some of the very first industrial breweries still exist today, either fulfilling their original function or not. The majority [...] Water got into some of the containers, which started the process of fermentation, and thus the very first “beer” was born; although, from today, it was rather water with a pleasant intoxicating taste. Later [...] through a grain straw. A thousand years later, the Code of Hamurrabi, dated 2000 BC, referred for the first time to public establishments where beer could be purchased. Among other things, the Code of Hammurabi