leading mass medium. The over-decorated facades of the first cinema buildings, which were built around 1910 in many towns, showed that films were at first regarded as a form of fairground attraction. But soon [...] ON THE HISTORY OF THE SERVICE AND LEISURE INDUSTRY Listen The Industrial Revolution resulted in more and more smokestacks shooting out of the ground and a huge increase in factories, coal mines and steelworks; [...] steelworks; villages merged into towns, and sleepy hamlets were transformed into booming cities. For the first time trading, administrative and leisure facilities had to be organised for masses of customers in

the long road to power looms. The mechanisation of the textile industry began with spinning. The striking lack of yarn in the wool industry, one of the most important sectors of the British economy, led [...] demand exploded. In Europe, where a textile industry had developed in other countries since the end of the 18th century, a cotton boom broke out. The first cotton spinning mill on the continent was built [...] south of the USA, picked by enslaved people forcibly transported from Africa by European traders. The first textile mill, however, was a silk twisting mill. The five-storey building in Derby was constructed

Britain. Nevertheless it was an American, Robert Fulton, who succeeded in building the first steamship – even before the first locomotive took to the rails. The "Clermont", a flat bottomed boat with two huge [...] A gigantic new market had been opened for the ironmaking industry. Railways gave the other great boost to industrialisation. They were first used in collieries, where goods wagons ran on wooden rails [...] when the first really marketable internal combustion engine was launched by the German travelling salesman, Nicolaus August Otto. Otto’s époque-making idea was the four-stroke principal. On the first stroke

which became widespread in the first decades of the 20th century. Actually, the number of small workshops literally exploded. Around 1925, Solingen‘s cottage industry employed around 13,000 home workers [...] In addition, hardly any other industry boasts the same diversity of manufacturing conditions, which is due to the abundance of textile samples that still shapes the industry and enables even smaller and [...] remains of the cutlery industry have been preserved. The Belgian Gembloux was confronted with similar issues. On the contrary, Albacete, focal point of the Spanish cutlery industry, as well as Portugal have

1852 finally opened up access to a larger market. In 1861, the first bank was founded and then and infrastructure was expanded for the first time: Bridges were built over the Rhine at Schaan and Bendern [...] ss, the majority of the workforce (62%) now works in the service sector: the financial services industry in particular has become an important part of the economy. Remarkably, the Principality has more

Soviet Union’s economic model. Landholdings and businesses were nationalised, heavy industry was massively expanded. The first train went into service between Durrës and Pequin in 1947, and a rail network emerged [...] extremely low. Following World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood [...] flowed into the country, and Russian specialists helped out with projects such as completion of the first hydroelectric plant in Selita. As the Soviet Union and its allies proved to be grateful buyers of

political role for the first time. His son Pau Xavier founded Andorra’s first, albeit short-lived, museum in Ordino in 1903. Tobacco farming emerged as a further important industry at the end of the 17th [...] government came from the family. Andorra tentatively began to open up in the first half of the 20th century, when the first roads to Spain and France were constructed. Even today, the country is entirely [...] financial institutions opened their doors, and the construction of the first ski lift in 1957 signalled the arrival of a booming new industry: tourism. Fuelled by a virtually complete exemption from customs

Brewery was founded in Nikšić. The Austrians opened a shipyard in Tivat for their navy, and built the first narrow-gauge railway into the interior in 1901. However, the economy depended solely on animal breeding [...] wood products appeared in the decade following. In the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, the first Yugoslavian state, founded in 1918, Montenegro remained the smallest and poorest part. A few Croatian [...] relocated to Podgorica (then “Titograd”) and the central government embarked on a programme of heavy industry expansion on the Soviet model. Mining of bauxite, the country’s most important raw material, began

heavy industry. Bosnia in particular profited from President Tito’s break with the Soviet Union in 1948: relatively far from the nation’s borders, it was considered a safe location for industry. Consequently [...] production of salt near Tuzla, where today this history is preserved by a museum, and expanded the first foundry near Priyedor, which also dates back to pre-Christian times. Trade began to flourish in Bosnian [...] mid-19th century, the reforming attempts of the ailing Ottoman empire began to have an impact: the first railway line between Croatia and Banja Luka, today the capital of the Republic of Srpska, was completed

backed by European banks, the Ottoman “Régie Company” invested in the tobacco industry in the region around Prilep, and the first major railway line went into operation in 1873, linking Skopje with the port [...] ultimately allotted to the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to World War II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton [...] capital, qualified labour and a transportation infrastructure prevented any substantial development of industry. Finally recognised as an autonomous Macedonian nation, the country became a constituent republic

steel oil tanks and laid the first pipelines from the oil wells to their refinery. To accelerate transport to the heart of the Russian Empire, they commissioned the first ocean-going oil tanker to carry [...] and Gas University, was founded in 1920 as the first institute for the training of petroleum engineers. Production of natural gas began in 1928. The first offshore drilling in the Caspian Sea was undertaken [...] Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan History of development of oil industry World Atlas: The biggest industries in Azerbaijan Neft Daşları. Oil platform

Georgia’s natural resources were exploited early on. Some researchers identify the country as among the first pre-historic cultures to learn how to smelt copper. The ancient legend of the Golden Fleece recalls [...] Walter von Siemens, the brother of famous entrepreneur and inventor Werner von Siemens, built the first oil derricks in the Russian Empire to extract Georgian oil. Ludwig Nobel, brother of dynamite inventor [...] which commenced operation in 1907. Today, a museum in Batumi documents the history of the petroleum industry. At the same time, both the Czar of Russia and the German steel group Krupp invested in mining the

Yerevan was connected. Slowly, a working class formed and the first signs of urbanisation appeared in the mining centres. During the First World War and the following turmoil, the still agrarian, backward [...] and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation was intensified and in 1887 the first factory for cognac production was built in Yerevan – cognac still is Armenia's best-known export today [...] programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant was built, and in 1936, construction began on the Sevan-Hrasdan Cascade

when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded in 1918. In 1929, the first hydroelectric power plant was built in Prizren, which has since been converted into an electricity [...] the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of the large lignite deposits, and the electricity generated [...] addition, Kosovo itself had hardly any plants for the processing of its raw materials, so that the industry collapsed after the disintegration of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. At the same

using a fashionable, rectangular grid, street pattern, that is still well preserved. In 1867, the first train towards Odessa rolled out of the railway station in Tiraspol in today's Transnistria, east of [...] wines and spirits today, opened in Tiraspol, but sustained growth failed to materialise. After the First World War, Moldova became part of Romania. Although the new government immediately introduced agricultural [...] Soviet republics, the emphasis was on the mechanisation of agriculture and the expansion of the food industry. Sugar factories, dairies and canning plants were built, and thanks to new, large-scale wine presses

function alone for the first time, here for hygienic reasons. The light-flooded buildings constructed almost entirely of iron and glass then had a revolutionary effect: The first was a palm house in the [...] large buildings. In 1927, Albert Kahn completed the first large-scale plant in Dearborn near Detroit for the Ford factories, which were the first to consistently use assembly line work: a huge hall made [...] material, and concrete. Iron constructions were used to reduce the risk of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage combined

since 1929, the population grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second World War, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories [...] century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were in the middle of the [...] copper smelter near Karaganda, and coal mining in Ekibastuz. In 1899, a Russian company drilled the first oil well, and from 1908, with the help of foreign investors, the "black gold" was extracted on a large

Briton John Fowler was the first to use a steam engine to pull a plough instead of a team of animals. Towards the end of the 19th century, George Stockton Berry developed the first self-propelled combine harvester [...] as it had been in industry. Liebig's discovery, published in 1840, that the minerals nitrogen, potassium salt and phosphorus are essential for plant growth made it possible for the first time to produce [...] ON THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Listen The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the first steps in a long-term 'agricultural revolution' that began in Britain in the 18th century and continued

ON THE HISTORY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Listen The emergence of the chemical industry was triggered by the mechanisation of English textile production in the second half of the 18th century. The output [...] became the first industrial chemical. Factories supplied acid mainly for pickling metals until demand exploded for bleaching linen and cotton. By the beginning of the 19th century, the first continuous [...] helped to alleviate hunger, but was first used to make explosives - without which the German Empire would probably have been forced to surrender at the beginning of the First World War for lack of ammunition

France restored Monaco's independence under the rule of the Grimaldis. A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival [...] city limits to the village of La Turbie. Last but not least, the annual Grand Prix, which, since the first race in 1929, past the former old gasworks in the hairpin bend called the "Gazomètre". The Grand Prix