when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded in 1918. In 1929, the first hydroelectric power plant was built in Prizren, which has since been converted into an electricity [...] the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of the large lignite deposits, and the electricity generated [...] addition, Kosovo itself had hardly any plants for the processing of its raw materials, so that the industry collapsed after the disintegration of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. At the same

like woven silk, china and leather goods. Such traditional trades were the first to be mechanised and this explains why the first major strikes happened in the silk-processing industries. Skilled workers [...] The first large-scale organised workers movements were successful in demanding higher wages, and demands for a twelve-hour working day were soon followed by demands for a ten-hour day. The first improvements [...] dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750 onwards for the next century or so. The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical weaving looms

1852 finally opened up access to a larger market. In 1861, the first bank was founded and then and infrastructure was expanded for the first time: Bridges were built over the Rhine at Schaan and Bendern [...] ss, the majority of the workforce (62%) now works in the service sector: the financial services industry in particular has become an important part of the economy. Remarkably, the Principality has more

political role for the first time. His son Pau Xavier founded Andorra’s first, albeit short-lived, museum in Ordino in 1903. Tobacco farming emerged as a further important industry at the end of the 17th [...] government came from the family. Andorra tentatively began to open up in the first half of the 20th century, when the first roads to Spain and France were constructed. Even today, the country is entirely [...] financial institutions opened their doors, and the construction of the first ski lift in 1957 signalled the arrival of a booming new industry: tourism. Fuelled by a virtually complete exemption from customs

heavy industry. Bosnia in particular profited from President Tito’s break with the Soviet Union in 1948: relatively far from the nation’s borders, it was considered a safe location for industry. Consequently [...] production of salt near Tuzla, where today this history is preserved by a museum, and expanded the first foundry near Priyedor, which also dates back to pre-Christian times. Trade began to flourish in Bosnian [...] mid-19th century, the reforming attempts of the ailing Ottoman empire began to have an impact: the first railway line between Croatia and Banja Luka, today the capital of the Republic of Srpska, was completed

Brewery was founded in Nikšić. The Austrians opened a shipyard in Tivat for their navy, and built the first narrow-gauge railway into the interior in 1901. However, the economy depended solely on animal breeding [...] wood products appeared in the decade following. In the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, the first Yugoslavian state, founded in 1918, Montenegro remained the smallest and poorest part. A few Croatian [...] relocated to Podgorica (then “Titograd”) and the central government embarked on a programme of heavy industry expansion on the Soviet model. Mining of bauxite, the country’s most important raw material, began

Soviet Union’s economic model. Landholdings and businesses were nationalised, heavy industry was massively expanded. The first train went into service between Durrës and Pequin in 1947, and a rail network emerged [...] extremely low. Following World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood [...] flowed into the country, and Russian specialists helped out with projects such as completion of the first hydroelectric plant in Selita. As the Soviet Union and its allies proved to be grateful buyers of

backed by European banks, the Ottoman “Régie Company” invested in the tobacco industry in the region around Prilep, and the first major railway line went into operation in 1873, linking Skopje with the port [...] ultimately allotted to the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to World War II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton [...] capital, qualified labour and a transportation infrastructure prevented any substantial development of industry. Finally recognised as an autonomous Macedonian nation, the country became a constituent republic

which became widespread in the first decades of the 20th century. Actually, the number of small workshops literally exploded. Around 1925, Solingen‘s cottage industry employed around 13,000 home workers [...] In addition, hardly any other industry boasts the same diversity of manufacturing conditions, which is due to the abundance of textile samples that still shapes the industry and enables even smaller and [...] remains of the cutlery industry have been preserved. The Belgian Gembloux was confronted with similar issues. On the contrary, Albacete, focal point of the Spanish cutlery industry, as well as Portugal have

Germany expanded its activities in the area of brown coal mining, another industry requiring a huge amount of land. During the First World War, the AEG power company set up the Zschornewitz brown coal works [...] Rhondda Valley, also in South Wales, clearly show how everything was turned upside down by heavy industry. Even after 1850 travellers were still praising "the gem of Glamorganshire" with its "two nearly [...] slowly, after the German customs union was set up in 1834, and the Cologne to Minden railway – the first modern transport connection – was completed in 1847. Up till then the River Emscher still contained

d in the construction of the Orient Line from Vienna to Constantinople. Serbia thus received its first railway in 1884, linking Belgrade and Niš, the two most important cities. Soon, trains were also steaming [...] remained dramatic and business know-how was lacking. It was not until the turn of the century that the first phase of industrialisation arrived, when the government liberalised trade regulations while simultaneously [...] production from international competition through protective tariffs. New companies – such as the first sugar refinery in Belgrade – mainly processed agricultural products or exploited mineral resources

serfdom in 1861. The rural population suffered under high unemployment. In the same year, 1861, the first trains rolled through Lithuania when Kaunas and Wirbalis were connected to the railway from Saint [...] linked the Memel with the port of Klaipėda and allowed mariners to circumvent the Curonian Lagoon. The first industrial enterprises were formed toward the end of the century, mainly for the processing of ag [...] Klaipėda and Telšiai. However, the capital needed to establish larger enterprises, such as heavy industry, was lacking. Food and textile production remained dominant, followed by metal and wood processing

fishery drove the economy. The first bank was established in 1855, new fishing towns developed, factories for ice-making and fish processing sprang up in the harbour towns. The first fishmeal factory opened in [...] fishing fleet began in 1905 with the first trawler, the “Coot”. The herring fishery also flourished, but when salted-fish exports collapsed in the 1930s, the industry suffered a severe crisis that lasted [...] of Iceland’s industry is based on the utilisation of energy from renewable sources. Most Icelandic homes are geothermally heated, while most power is hydroelectrically generated. The first small hydroelectric

in fireworks and fire arrows. The first firearms were developed in various places in Europe during the 14th century. Based on experiences with bell-founding, the first cannons were soon cast in bronze – [...] military use. The "Industrialisation of War", which followed, was exemplified first by the American Civil War (1861-65). There the first machine gun was used, the Gatling Gun, manufactured with the new high precision [...] Reich started production of lethal gas. The first gas attack was launched at Ypern in Flanders in 1915, behind it was again Fritz Haber and on behalf of the industry Carl Duisberg, Head of Bayer chemical works

leading mass medium. The over-decorated facades of the first cinema buildings, which were built around 1910 in many towns, showed that films were at first regarded as a form of fairground attraction. But soon [...] ON THE HISTORY OF THE SERVICE AND LEISURE INDUSTRY Listen The Industrial Revolution resulted in more and more smokestacks shooting out of the ground and a huge increase in factories, coal mines and steelworks; [...] steelworks; villages merged into towns, and sleepy hamlets were transformed into booming cities. For the first time trading, administrative and leisure facilities had to be organised for masses of customers in

Britain. Nevertheless it was an American, Robert Fulton, who succeeded in building the first steamship – even before the first locomotive took to the rails. The "Clermont", a flat bottomed boat with two huge [...] A gigantic new market had been opened for the ironmaking industry. Railways gave the other great boost to industrialisation. They were first used in collieries, where goods wagons ran on wooden rails [...] when the first really marketable internal combustion engine was launched by the German travelling salesman, Nicolaus August Otto. Otto’s époque-making idea was the four-stroke principal. On the first stroke

the long road to power looms. The mechanisation of the textile industry began with spinning. The striking lack of yarn in the wool industry, one of the most important sectors of the British economy, led [...] demand exploded. In Europe, where a textile industry had developed in other countries since the end of the 18th century, a cotton boom broke out. The first cotton spinning mill on the continent was built [...] south of the USA, picked by enslaved people forcibly transported from Africa by European traders. The first textile mill, however, was a silk twisting mill. The five-storey building in Derby was constructed

regions only reached the level of British industry in the 19th century. The Belgian iron region around the rivers Sambre and Maas received a boost in 1827 when the first coke furnace went into action in Charleroi [...] steps are needed to make iron and steel – the key materials of the industrial era - from iron ore. First, the ore has to be smelted in the blast furnace to produce pig iron, which is then refined in the [...] demand as a valuable basic material, and the region around Sheffield became a centre for the iron industry. In 1784 Henry Cort came up with an alternative: he refined pig iron in a half-open furnace, on

1870 that steam power began to replace water power. This major invention has a long prehistory: the first working model of a steam engine, built by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, was put into action to pump off [...] the Boulton & Watt factory began to deliver 'double-acting' steam engines. These proved to be the first really competitive universal engines, because they could be used on all sites independent of water [...] now began to shoot out of the ground. Steam power began its triumphal march in the booming textile industry, before moving over to coal mines and steelworks. The next fundamental improvement took place around

y. In particular, Croatia’s tradition-rich ship-building industry boomed in the shipyards of Rijeka, Pula and Split. The petrochemical industry was established on the Adriatic island of Krk. The petroleum [...] agricultural sector and an acute shortage of capital. Wood-working was the most highly developed industry, particularly the construction of ocean-going ships in the Adriatic port of Rijeka and inland vessels [...] European “brother states”, socialist Yugoslavia’s government commenced an all-out expansion of heavy industry: oil and gas extraction, machinery, chemicals and transport had the highest priority, mining and