occupational safety and the provision of health facilities for industrial workers. On his return to Finland he managed a paper mill at Kangas in 1904-08, was managing director of the Kymmene forest products [...] talents and developed the company into one of the principal manufacturers of forest products in Finland, as well as playing a leading role in the establishment of national organisations representing the [...] Army during the Finnish Civil War of 1918, and was sent to Britain in 1939 to seek assistance for Finland after the invasion by the army of the USSR. He did much to make Mantta into a model industrial community

played a large part in establishing the textile industry in Tampere, the principal industrial city in Finland. He was born at Penicuik and was a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers). He had some experience [...] factory for Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825) and distributing Bibles in the Russian language. He visited Finland in 1819 and subsequently gained permission to build a water-powered factory in Tampere alongside

stockings and boots to the county hospital and the Swedish army, especially during the war with Finland in 1808-9. She imported wool from Denmark and Iceland and created a factory at her farm, which she

to the navy and began a career designing and improving canals. He designed the Saimaa Canal in Finland and the enlargement of locks on the Trollhätte Canal in Sweden. With his son Werner he designed the

thirties, Putilov left the military to develop business interests. He organized iron smelting in Finland using bog iron deposits transported on the Saimaa Canal. He set up iron foundries, made technical