College, was established in 1854. The south and west continued to stagnate with modest food-products industries; successful major companies such as Jacob’s Biscuits and the famous Guinness Brewery in Dublin [...] taxes to attract foreign investors. As wages too were very low, businesses in labour-intensive industries such as textile and shoe production and plastics processing soon set up shop. Following Ireland’s [...] ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Republic of Ireland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Ireland? Dublin. Jacob Biscuit Factory
first trains connected Lisbon and Porto in 1864, with a link to Spain following in 1866. As the new industries settled primarily in the capital and in the Porto region, no new jobs were created in rural areas [...] their roles taken over by cooperatives. The government in Lisbon gradually nationalised the key industries and the banks. But the socialist experiment did not last long. Drops in agricultural production [...] isolation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Portugal World Atlas: The biggest industries in Portugal Lisboa. Xabregas Tobacco Factory (Museo de Lisboa; J. Pedrozo)
were fulfilled, which guaranteed a base level of revenues. Starting from the end of the 1950s, new industries such as chemical plants, oil refineries and plastics factories emerged with the help of government [...] around the world. The country also exports oil drilling platforms, machinery for the wood and paper industries, and cranes and forklifts. Since the service sector surpassed manufacturing as the most important [...] An Economic History of Finland WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Finland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Finland? Fiskars. Ironworks
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began and mechanisation was completed in the textile industry. But the faster the wheels of the new industries turned, the greater their hunger for raw materials became - and the more products poured onto the [...] Industrial Revolution WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the United Kingdom World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the United Kingdom? Telford. Coalbrookdale Ironworks
WIKIPEDIA: Revolución industrial en España WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Spain World Atlas: The biggest industries in Spain Barakaldo. Altos Hornos de Vizcaya Steel Works
the sale of domestic waterfalls to foreign investors. The cheap energy attracted energy-intensive industries, especially for electrometallurgy and electrochemistry, and virtually overnight the chimneys started [...] industry. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Norway World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Norway? Mandal. Sjølingstad Woollen Mill
Around the turn of the century, the boom reached its peak. The Netherlands profited from the typical industries of the "second industrialisation" and a number of world-famous companies emerged: as a light bulb [...] Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Netherlands World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the Netherlands? Haarlemmermeer. Cruquius Steam Pumping Station
French rule at the time, coal mining also expanded. At the same time, the first nuclei of the new industries were formed in the farmland along the Ruhr: in 1758, the St Antony ironworks was founded in Oberhausen [...] mid-19th century, the construction of railways fuelled the rapid expansion of the coal and steel industries. Wherever coal was plentiful, the chimneys of the ironworks soon appeared. The Hoesch and Thyssen [...] Saar in Neunkirchen and Burbach, the ironworks also expanded. Industrialisation spread to other industries: In the Kingdom of Saxony, textile processing expanded alongside mechanical engineering, and in
and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries, which were among the earliest industries to develop. Mechanisation commenced in 1797, when Johann Josef Leitenberger [...] remained largely agrarian for a long time. As the population was growing faster than the expanding industries and rural poverty drove many people to the urban centres, factory owners could get away with paying [...] Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Czech Republic World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the Czech Republic? Ostrava. Vitkovice Steelworks
Soviet Union, the government formulated five-year plans and founded state-owned companies in key industries, which characterised the Turkish economy – with varied success – into the 21st century. This was [...] of food imports. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Turkey World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Turkey History of Istanbul: Economy Istanbul. Bomonti Brewery
mid-19th century that lasted, with interruptions, for around a hundred years. England’s expanding industries in particular purchased enormous quantities of raw materials: wood from the north, iron from central [...] Revolution, in which new sectors outgrew heavy industry, including energy, chemical and machine-tool industries and wood-based paper manufacturing. Fed by the country’s enormous hydroelectric potential, a f [...] nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied all parties, particularly with steel, and was able to demand grossly inflated prices.
density increased significantly from the mid-19th century. With the emergence of metal and food industries, wool and linen working, the city developed into a major industrial centre. This was further driven [...] Vienna and then with St Petersburg and Moscow. The most important factor, however, was that the industries were not forced to compete with Western Europe: as part of an economically extremely backward empire [...] new crisis. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Poland World Atlas: The biggest industries in Poland? Chorzow. Königshütte Ironworks
near Paderno. Machine tool companies and cement works emerged, and the electrical and chemical industries also benefitted from this new energy source. Electricity was also produced geothermally starting [...] One. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Italy World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Italy? Milan. Fratelli Branca Distillery
"Industry. From Mills to Computers" WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Denmark World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Denmark? Holbæk. Knabstrup Brickworks and Pottery
Empire. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Austria World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Austria? Vienna. Floridsdorf Locomotive Factory
creation of new and traditional products and even goods and services of the so-called creative industries, following the concept of 'regeneration through heritage'. Last but not least, the thousands of [...] Projekt Ruhr GmbH, Essen D: World Heritage Site Voelklingen Iron Works, Völklingen NL: Stichting Industriecultuur Nederland, Alkmaar NL: Provincie Noord-Holland Afdeling Zorg, Welzijn en Cultuur, Bureau, Monumenten
to be mechanised and this explains why the first major strikes happened in the silk-processing industries. Skilled workers in Lyons took industrial action in the 1830s to force the introduction of minimum [...] divided up into so many small states. Nevertheless after the customs union of 1834 productive heavy industries developed in the mining regions of upper Silesia, in the Saarland and the Ruhrgebiet. At the same [...] German businesses were able to take over a leading role in the new chemical and electro-technical industries in the second phase of industrialisation towards the end of the 19th century. All these developments
