and produced few cannon. Ignace de Wendel, an artilleryman, and a member of a family with long experience in ironmaking, took direction of the project, and diagnosed that coke-blast iron was needed to

as a maker of mathematical instruments in Glasgow, making a visit to London to gain professional experience in 1755-6. He gained the acquaintance of the celebrated Dr Joseph Black (1728-99) of Glasgow University

for his 20-session courses on Newtonian ‘Experimental Philosophy’ (i.e. physics). Triewald gained experience of coal mining and of the use of steam engines for draining mines while staying near Newcastle

engineers to gain an international reputation. He trained as a stone mason in Edinburgh and gained experience on contracts in London and Portsmouth before moving to Shrewsbury to refurbish the medieval castle

mother’s brother, Carl Böcking, managed the firm. After technical school at Siegen, Stumm gained experience working in the family’s Neunkirchen and Sayner ironworks for two years and toured ironworks elsewhere

Christopher Polhem was a polymath whose understanding of the natural world was based on experience gained in many other countries, and who influenced the technological development of industry throughout

to become one of Europe’s principal producers of radio receivers, making a million by 1932. From experience gained in maintaining X-ray apparatus for the combatant armies during the First World War, from

the physicist and inventor Galileo Ferraris. He went to London to improve his English and gain experience of electrical work. When he returned to Turin he worked as Ferraris’ assistant and went with him

in St Petersburg owned by the government. In the early 1850s the young Nobel studied and gained experience of industry in France, Italy, Germany and the United States. He began to develop nitroglycerine

legacy was his influence on a generation of British mechanical engineers. Amongst those who gained experience in his workshop were William Muir (1805-88), James Nasmyth (1808-90), Richard Roberts (1789-1864)

Jebsen was born at Broager in the Duchy of Schleswig in present-day Denmark, but after gaining experience in several countries became one of Norway’s leading industrial entrepreneurs of the nineteenth [...] Norway’s first mechanical weaving mill on the outskirts of the city. In 1844 he left Norway to gain experience of industry across Europe, spent six months working in a cotton mill in Manchester, and did not

was apprenticed to a shoemaker. About 1832 he left home, ‘on what was called the tramp’, seeking experience in his trade in other towns. He travelled to London by stage coach, then to Margate by steamer

plant, and brewing ceased on the historic site at Stadhouderskade, Amsterdam, in 1988. The Heineken Experience visitor centre, opened in 2001, occupies an Art Deco building of 1910 on the site. Heineken took

was able to undertake basic training in engineering at the factory, and used her knowledge and experience to advocate that electric power should be used to enable women to undertake jobs that hitherto

tanner but was apprenticed to tool making and on completing his articles went on the tramp to gain experience as a journeyman. At the age 23 he arrived at Chemnitz in Saxony, where he worked for Carl Gottlieb

From 1841, Göransson was involved in his family’s shipping and trading business and brought his experience of methods in countries he had visited. Among other interests, the company sold iron on global

opened in 1837 as the first steam-driven railway in France. By 1846 Goüin had the standing and experience to create his own engineering company. With financial backing from the banker James de Rothschild

1834, like ambitious craftsmen in many European countries, he went on the tramp, seeking to gain experience by plying his trade alongside skilled workers in other towns. He returned to Esqueheries in 1837

Geigy (1798-1861). He served an apprenticeship with his father before travelling to gain commercial experience in England, France and India. He returned to Basel to work for the family firm in 1854 and the

Embrach, Switzerland, and served his apprenticeship at a foundry in Zurich before gaining working experience in France, Germany, Italy and Austria. He moved to Pest in 1841where he was involved with the