and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries, which were among the earliest industries to develop. Mechanisation commenced in 1797, when Johann Josef Leitenberger [...] remained largely agrarian for a long time. As the population was growing faster than the expanding industries and rural poverty drove many people to the urban centres, factory owners could get away with paying [...] Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Czech Republic World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the Czech Republic? Ostrava. Vitkovice Steelworks
government worked to encourage the growth of industry. Up until World War I, typical “entry-level” industries such as food production, textile manufacturing and wood- and metal working emerged, but the strongest [...] government attempted to correct its course, placing greater emphasis on more technically sophisticated industries and cooperation with western businesses: the Dacia automotive plant in Piteʂti has been manufacturing [...] the 1970s, Romania was even exporting offshore drilling rigs. In the spirit of self-sufficiency, industries produced a wide range of petroleum derivatives, as well as pharmaceuticals, locomotives and electronic
After reconstruction, the now-independent Republic of Estonia witnessed the founding of further industries on the basis of local raw materials, such as cement plants, wood processing and food production [...] most Estonian-made products flowed back to the Soviet Union. Resources were mainly allocated to industries that had developed during the period of independence: in addition to the mining and chemical processing [...] textiles. In the 1950s, the government also promoted machinery and metal processing, but classic heavy industries such as coal mining, steel-making and automotive manufacturing were omitted, as the country lacked
mid-19th century that lasted, with interruptions, for around a hundred years. England’s expanding industries in particular purchased enormous quantities of raw materials: wood from the north, iron from central [...] Revolution, in which new sectors outgrew heavy industry, including energy, chemical and machine-tool industries and wood-based paper manufacturing. Fed by the country’s enormous hydroelectric potential, a f [...] nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied all parties, particularly with steel, and was able to demand grossly inflated prices.
by low wages and taxes. Companies werne established mainly in the metal, machinery and apparatus industries, , and many of these businesses are still in operation today. The Scana cannery, which opened in [...] leading company for vacuum and surface technology. In the 1950s, the country’s recently founded industries experienced dramatic growth, with the numbers of employees sometimes increasing fivefold. Some [...] n in Liechtenstein (pdf) WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Liechtenstein World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Liechtenstein? Triesen. Jenny, Spoerry & Cie. Cotton Mill
factories when Latvia gained independence in 1918. However, the government succeeded in building new industries on the basis of domestic raw materials such as wood and flax. Agricultural productivity was enhanced [...] still relatively intact. As natural resources were lacking, Moscow encouraged labour-intensive industries – and the new rulers also wanted to bind the Baltic more closely with the USSR at the same time [...] sector. Related Links ERIH Link-List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Latvia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Latvia? Līgatne. Riga Paper Mill and Village Listen Latvia was a union republic of the 'Union
resources and in particular lacks coal and iron ore, the basic ingredients of the classic heavy industries. Only potash (potassium carbonate), used in making fertilisers and in glass manufacture, is available [...] government did not construct any heavy industrial plants in Belarus, but instead developed the existing industries and expanded the industrial base: new plants now manufactured sewing machines and synthetic fibres [...] Russian military. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Belarus World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Belarus? Grodno. Bridge of Saint Petersburg-Warsow Railway crossing Neman river Belarus was
College, was established in 1854. The south and west continued to stagnate with modest food-products industries; successful major companies such as Jacob’s Biscuits and the famous Guinness Brewery in Dublin [...] taxes to attract foreign investors. As wages too were very low, businesses in labour-intensive industries such as textile and shoe production and plastics processing soon set up shop. Following Ireland’s [...] ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Republic of Ireland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Ireland? Dublin. Jacob Biscuit Factory
n of giant heavy industrial plants, but instead began to expand the established food and light industries. Lithuania did not experience a massive industrialisation until the end of the 1950s. The chemical [...] near Ufa. On account of the great scarcity of raw materials, Moscow located many labour-intensive industries in the Balkans, which resulted in a massive influx of Russian workers. As a consequence, the Baltic [...] Related Links ERIH Link-List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Lithuania World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Lithuania? Šilutė (Heydekrug). Gasworks Lithiania was a union republic of the 'Union of Soviet
were fulfilled, which guaranteed a base level of revenues. Starting from the end of the 1950s, new industries such as chemical plants, oil refineries and plastics factories emerged with the help of government [...] around the world. The country also exports oil drilling platforms, machinery for the wood and paper industries, and cranes and forklifts. Since the service sector surpassed manufacturing as the most important [...] An Economic History of Finland WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Finland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Finland? Fiskars. Ironworks
machinery and railway carriages, Hungarian factories were not competitive due to high costs. New industries such as chemicals, electrical goods and telecommunications were not growing fast enough. The discovery [...] World War: Hungary’s economy boomed, particularly in the arms, chemicals and electrical equipment industries, but only thanks to financing from National Socialist Germany. This was essentially a prelude to [...] Relicts of Hungarian Iron Metallurgy WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Hungary World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Hungary? Győr. Distillery
on for the Greek merchant marine also played a role, and remains one of the nation’s strongest industries today. The shipyards of the Aegean Island of Syros, for instance, were among the pioneers in building [...] available, the nation experienced a further industrial impetus: more technically sophisticated industries such as machine tools, chemical and textile production outstripped food and tobacco processing [...] up. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Greece World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Greece? Piraeus. Basileiades Shipyard
density increased significantly from the mid-19th century. With the emergence of metal and food industries, wool and linen working, the city developed into a major industrial centre. This was further driven [...] Vienna and then with St Petersburg and Moscow. The most important factor, however, was that the industries were not forced to compete with Western Europe: as part of an economically extremely backward empire [...] new crisis. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Poland World Atlas: The biggest industries in Poland? Chorzow. Königshütte Ironworks
to be mechanised and this explains why the first major strikes happened in the silk-processing industries. Skilled workers in Lyons took industrial action in the 1830s to force the introduction of minimum [...] divided up into so many small states. Nevertheless after the customs union of 1834 productive heavy industries developed in the mining regions of upper Silesia, in the Saarland and the Ruhrgebiet. At the same [...] German businesses were able to take over a leading role in the new chemical and electro-technical industries in the second phase of industrialisation towards the end of the 19th century. All these developments
French rule at the time, coal mining also expanded. At the same time, the first nuclei of the new industries were formed in the farmland along the Ruhr: in 1758, the St Antony ironworks was founded in Oberhausen [...] mid-19th century, the construction of railways fuelled the rapid expansion of the coal and steel industries. Wherever coal was plentiful, the chimneys of the ironworks soon appeared. The Hoesch and Thyssen [...] Saar in Neunkirchen and Burbach, the ironworks also expanded. Industrialisation spread to other industries: In the Kingdom of Saxony, textile processing expanded alongside mechanical engineering, and in
first trains connected Lisbon and Porto in 1864, with a link to Spain following in 1866. As the new industries settled primarily in the capital and in the Porto region, no new jobs were created in rural areas [...] their roles taken over by cooperatives. The government in Lisbon gradually nationalised the key industries and the banks. But the socialist experiment did not last long. Drops in agricultural production [...] isolation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Portugal World Atlas: The biggest industries in Portugal Lisboa. Xabregas Tobacco Factory (Museo de Lisboa; J. Pedrozo)
quickly became a huge success throughout Europe, because emerging new sectors like the electrical industries relied heavily on high-precision parts. Thus industrial production was changed forever – and the [...] the past. During this period of great innovations countless technical improvements from civilian industries were adapted for military use. The "Industrialisation of War", which followed, was exemplified [...] Entente felt forced to join the crude competition and ordered the same materials from their chemical industries. Moreover, both sides heavily relied on chemists for the replacement of goods they could no longer
ed by articles on the industrial history of the countries of Europe and the development of the industries that make up the theme routes. ERIH is certified as a "Cultural Route of the Council of Europe”
banking and tourism. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of San Marino World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in San Marino San Marino. Rimini-San Marino Railway
