In eighteenth-century Portugal, Guilherme (originally William) Stephens developed the glass industry and gained a national monopoly, with his brother João Diogo (originally John James, 1747–1826). Stephens [...] making window glass and some tableware. In 1773 Stephens was awarded the monopoly to supply glass for Portugal and its colonies. Exceptionally for this period, Stephens provided a school, medical care, pensions [...] left to the Portuguese government. Marinha Grande is still the leading centre for glassmaking in Portugal. The mansion Palácio Stephens is a museum of the glass industry.

Barreiro, across the Tagus estuary from Lisbon, which would become the largest industrial complex in Portugal. Da Silva built the facilities to create a town and developed social provision for workers and their [...] Conde de Óbidos (later named Lisnave). By the 1930s, the CUF group had factories in many parts of Portugal and employed 16,000 people in its diverse enterprises. CUF continued to expand and be run by da

Manuel Pinto de Azevedo became one of the leading industrialists and entrepreneurs of Portugal in the mid-twentieth century. He worked his way up from a position as a factory employee to build a group [...] businesses in the region around Porto. Pinto de Azevedo was born in the Bonfim district of Porto, Portugal’s second city. He attended technical school and began work in the textile industry in 1894. He rose [...] had been established in 1905 but grew under its new owners to become the largest cotton factory in Portugal. He acquired two more textile factories to the north of Porto in 1928, at Ermesinde and Rio Tinto

Southwark, London, for his mechanical projects. He began supplying customers in Spain, France and Portugal. Among his innovations he pioneered the use of ball-bearings and the gantry crane. Nevertheless

Wegner and Company with Iver Albert Juel. He undertook consular work in Norway for the Kingdom of Portugal and the cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen until his death.

Fèteira in the production of files and rasps. Fèteira built up his company at Vieira de Leiria in Portugal and it still exists there, exporting its products globally. Files and rasps of different kinds are

maintenance of locomotives. Some of the first orders were for locomotives for railways in Sweden, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. Beyer worked closed with Hermann Ludwig Lange (1837-92), also a native of Plauen

associations, and travelled through Denmark to Germany, Carinthia, Hungary, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland and England, before returning to Sweden in 1755 through the Low Countries. He assumed

England in 1863, to Italy in 1860, to Norway and Sweden in 1879, to Greece in 1889 and to Spain and Portugal in 1898, by which time the company’s coverage was global, and included guides to the Near East,

Switzerland, Chamony and the Italian Lakes in 1870, and subsequently guides to France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Rhineland, the Ottoman Empire and India. Bradshaw’s Descriptive Railway Hand-Book of Great