chemical products such as seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, they also became more dependent on a handful of large international companies with strong research capabilities. The environmental and health

World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood. The agricultural reform

consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was augmented by a handful of forges that smelted the locally mined iron ore. The charcoal-fired Catalan forge was long considered [...] become the standard method of smelting in the neighbouring countries. The economy was dominated by a handful of aristocratic families, some of whom have preserved their influence down to the present day. As

Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing of cotton and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF AUSTRIA Listen On the one hand, Austria possessed all the prerequisites for industrialisation: plentiful natural resources, particularly iron ore and salt, and a long mining [...] late Middle Ages, tens of thousands of miners were extracting silver and copper ore. On the other hand, the mountainous terrain impeded trade and travel. Nor could Trieste, the only sizeable port of the [...] Vorarlberg region, and in Vienna – where the Rothschilds founded the merchant bank "Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe" in 1855 – the manufacturing of rail cars and locomotives flourished in particular. The

font size and contrast of the website can be easily changed using the accessibility icon on the right-hand side of the menu bar. Pages and content can also be zoomed in and out by using a combination of

"Société Vielle Montagne" had begun producing zinc in 1837. In the coal mines, which were largely in the hands of French bankers, production rose steadily, but at the same time the area - especially the "Borinage"

carpets that were subsequently marketed, and even exhibited in museums, as “traditional Bosnian” handicrafts. Some historians characterise this type of economic and intellectual exploitation as the Habsburg

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

first time in history to establish secure food production independent of the weather. On the other hand, theorists had gained insights into the structure of chemical elements: The "structural formula" developed [...] that traditional bleaching powder came under massive price pressure. Electrothermics, on the other hand, used heat mainly to operate the new, extremely hot electric arc furnaces that produced steel alloys

process. Now the only hurdle left was the problem of setting the type, which was traditionally done by hand. This was solved in the USA in 1884 by a watchmaker named Ottmar Mergenthaler whose Lynotype machine

other ‚old‘ industrial sector that combines industrial museums with highly advanced facilities and handicraft with state-of-the-art production methods. This European theme route was developed in cooperation

version, is newly composed each year, as is the specially developed choreography, which translates the hand movements and gestures of work from the past into modern movements. Photos and videos will be taken [...] countries the participants danced to the music of Dario Schüler and the choreography of Truong Hai Le. Beforehand, we got people in the mood for the dance with a countdown video. Countdown video 'WORK it OUT'

the Dvigatel rail car factory in Tallinn, which also drew many workers from Russia. Tallinn’s port handled the second-largest volume of cargo in Russia, after Saint Petersburg. Prior to the First World War

play any significant role in economic development: although Finland’s farmers were never serfs, the handful of owners of large, profitable estates long dominated an overwhelming majority of day labourers and

"AEG". On the one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms

This was probably why in the 2nd century BC the process of papermaking ... more PRODUCTION Domestic handmade textile production was typical for the pre-industrial age. The father sat at the loom and the women

guns and pistols which looked alike, but in the final assembly every single part had to be fitted by hand. Now gun makers from North America, like Samuel Colt, developed high-precision machine tools, which

established. But the agricultural sector was underdeveloped and great tracts of land remained in the hands of large landowners even after the formal abolition of serfdom in 1861. The rural population suffered