Automobili Torino, usually abbreviated to FIAT. He became managing director of the company when its first plant opened the following year, during which 35 men produced 24 cars. Within six years Fiat was making [...] represented 4 per cent of Italian gross national product, and it employed 3.1 per cent of the nation’s industrial workforce.

Sir Richard Arkwright transformed the cotton industry throughout Europe. He was born at Preston, and after being apprenticed as a barber, moved to work for a peruke maker at to Bolton-le-Moors, where textile [...] mechanical innovations remains a subject for debate, but there is no doubt that it was he who for the first time organised the production of cotton yarn on a factory basis, using a succession of carding and [...] linked Cromford to the inland waterways network, and was well-acquainted with intellectuals of the Industrial Revolution period, including Erasmus Darwin, James Watt and Samuel More. Part of the situation

The career of Giorgio Armani exemplifies the power of brands in 20th- and 21st-century industry, and shows how association with popular culture, with music, sport and cinema, can provide a foundation for [...] advertisements, announced the company’s products to the public on enormous posters. His was one of the first companies to make extensive use of the Internet. He opened stores in the United States and China, [...] ’ (2015) The career of Giorgio Armani exemplifies the power of brands in 20th- and 21st-century industry, and shows how association with popular culture, with music, sport and cinema, can provide a foundation

made by Francis Lea (1866-1940) of Shrewsbury. Armstrong`s first experimental hydraulic machine is displayed in the Museum of Science and Industry at Newcastle.

Paul Arzens was one of the foremost European industrial designers of the 20th century. He spent most of his life in Paris and was best-known before the Second World War for his concept cars. He produced [...] and passenger carriages on the French railway system (the SNCF) between the early 1950s and the first stages of work on the TGV (Tres Grande Vitesse) trains in the late 1960s. He designed most of the [...] blocks at the commencement of a race, but it is sometimes called ‘le nez casse’ (the broken nose). The first locomotives with this feature were built by Alsthom for the Finnish state railway system, but the

1846 in his first ‘red guide’, the Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat (Handbook for travellers through Germany and the Austrian Empire). His first guide to Switzerland [...] (1874-1959). The company moved in the mid-1870s from Koblenz to the centre of the German publishing industry in Leipzig. Perhaps no company did more to encourage the habit of travelling across Europe and gaining

The Scotsman John Baildon was one of the pioneers of industrial development in Upper Silesia, now in Poland but in Baildon’s lifetime part of Prussia. He was born at Larbert in Stirlingshire and studied [...] ironworks. He went to Silesiain 1793 at the invitation of Count Friedrich von Reden (1772-1815). His first task was to build coke-fired blastfurnaces at Gleiwitz (Gliwice) from 1796. He was involved between [...] metallic ores. In 1798 he was appointed government technical adviser for the development of the iron industry in Upper Silesia and, again with Reden, built the Königshütte (Royal Ironworks) at Chorzów. He spent

company from 1908 when his brother died. The company prospered making military footwear during the First World War, and reached its zenith in the 1920s and 30s. On a further visit to America Bat’a saw Henry [...] and rubber technology, and was a leading figure in a period of success and prosperity for Czech industry. When Tomáš Bat’a died his company employed 31,000 people, a total which increased to 65,000 in

Bauwens was an entrepreneur and industrial spy who spread new cotton manufacturing technologies from England to Belgium and France at a key point in the early Industrial Revolution. He was born in Ghent [...] principles. While he was in England Bauwens also saw the great success of the cotton industry. At the age of 27 he opened his first cotton factory, which was at Passy near Paris. Very soon afterwards he opened [...] a leading European centre of the cotton industry: it became known as ‘the Manchester of Belgium’. Bauwens had broken the British monopoly of the cotton industry. For achieving this while Britain was at

together, so subtle are their differences’. At first they worked in in Germany, particularly in the Siegerland, but in 1966 they made a lengthy tour of the industrial areas of England and South Wales in a VW [...] and Hilla Becher (née Wobeser) transformed the ways in which we all view the monuments of past industries, showing that ruins can have dramatic and aesthetic qualities. Bernd Becher was born in the Siegerland [...] and two years later, when both were freelance photographers, began collaborating in photographing industrial monuments 1959. They married in 1961. The Bechers developed a new approaches and are regarded as

principles were developed for passenger transport – the first cablecar for tourists was built by the Bleichert company in Austria in 1913. Industrial use of ropeways has virtually ended but passenger cablecars [...] ropeways (sometimes called aerial tramways, cableways or cablecars) were used to move materials in industry from the mid-nineteenth century. Gondolas were suspended from ropes between pylons and pulled from [...] companies in Bitterfeld and Scheuditz near Leipzig. It was in Scheuditz in 1874 that he established his first design office for aerial ropeways, with his fellow student Theodor Otto. When Otto left two years

store in Barcelona. After graduating from the school of industrial engineers in the city in 1946 his first job was as an engineer in the textile industry at Tarrasa in Catalunya. He then moved to the Spanish [...] ter’ and moderniser who managed enterprises in all sectors of Spanish industry. As president of the national institute of industry in the 1970s he led more than 200,000 employees. His family ran a hardware [...] engineer for Transportes Eléctricos Hispano-Marroquíes de Tetuán. He rose to senior management for the first time in the motor manufacturing company Pegaso and its parent company Enasa (Empresa Nacional de

a timetable) was published monthly, growing from 8 pages when first published, to 32 pages in 1845 and 946 pages by 1898. Bradshaw’s first Continental Railway Guide was published in June 1847, and his [...] more than a century. He also produced publications that are of continuing value to historians of industry and transport. Bradshaw was born at Pendleton near Manchester and trained as an engraver and printer [...] information and his instinct for what might interest them marked him out from his competitors. His first Railway Time Table and Assistant to Railway Travelling appeared on 19 October 1839, and from 1841

idea of the cotton factory from England to mainland Europe. In 1771, Richard Arkwright built the first water-powered mill for spinning cotton at Cromford in England. This developed the idea of the factory [...] Ratingen, in North-Rhine Westphalia in 1783-4 he gave it the name Cromford. The building is now an industrial museum. Brügelmann grew up in a family of merchants at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. [...] the innovations by Arkwright he decided to try to copy them. His friend Carl Albrecht Delius made industrial espionage visits to Britain in 1781 and 1782 to draw plans, get copies of machines and recruit

machines were ineffective, other inventors developed his patent with important results for the textile industry worldwide. Cartwright was born in the east midlands of England, near Nottingham. He studied at Oxford [...] enough weavers for the yarn produced. Cartwright applied himself to the problem and patented his first power-loom the next year. He found many problems with his machines. Their action often failed, and [...] was awarded a grant of £10,000 by the British government in recognition of his achievements for industry. He retired to a farm in south-east England where he died aged 80. Although he proved that weaving

The career of Coco Chanel exemplifies the power of brands in twentieth-century industry and the extension of the market for luxury goods from limited circles of rich people to a much wider public. She [...] was involved with the English polo player Arthur Edward ‘Boy’ Capel (1881-1919) who financed her first shops, at Deauville in 1913 and opposite the casino at Biarritz in 1915. She was subsequently mistress [...] accommodation for the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and gave financial guarantees for the first production of his Sacré de Printemps (Rite of Spring). She circulated in high society and in 1922

Demidow dynasty of industrialists. From 1820 Yefim was chief mechanical engineer for the various industrial complexes in the area. Mirom, his son, was his apprentice and eventually his successor. In 1810 [...] spent some time in England in the 1820s, and on his return, in 1833-34, he and his son built the first Russian steam locomotive which was set to work on a railway with cast-iron track that served a copper

John Cockerill was the archetype of those British engineers who took the technologies of the Industrial Revolution to continental Europe and developed successful and long-lived manufacturing enterprises [...] locomotives, wagons and constructional ironwork. Cockerill built La Belge, a 2-2-2 steam locomotive, the first to be constructed in continental Europe, and the works had completed 100 locomotives by 1844. He died

In 1784, Henry Cort invented one of the most important iron-making processes of the Industrial Revolution. This was a new method of transforming cast iron into the more versatile and valuable material [...] 1776. He used a mill at the nearby village of Funtley to begin experiments with refining iron. His first patent, in 1783, was for a grooved rolling mill to make bars of iron. His second patent, the next [...] coal fuel allowed much larger units of production without the limitations of charcoal supply. The first full application of the process, around 1786, was by Richard Crawshay at Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr

Benigno Crespi was principally responsible for the building of Crespi d’Adda the most spectacular industrial community in Italy. The cotton mills at Crespi d’Adda, established by his father in 1878, were [...] use of electricity in smelting metals. The textile business at Crespi d’Adda prospered during the First World War when it specialised in the manufacture of canvas for aircraft. By the time of its golden