rotated by water-power in horizontal machines, in which the cutters were advanced through gearing by hand wheels. In the early 1750s Verbruggen was appointed Master Founder at the state-owned foundry at The

it was publicly unveiled in 1909. Bakelite was used in radio housings, distributor caps, telephone hand pieces, electric plugs, jewellery, cameras, ash trays, fountain pens and many other characteristic

The life of Margarete Steiff is an heroic story of triumph over handicaps. It is also a significant part of the industrial history of Europe, of the growing tendency in the closing years of the 19th century

which in 1828 had produced Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln ein Handbuch für Schnelreisende (Journeys on the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne: a handbook for travellers on the move) by Professor Johannes August Klein [...] interest which appeared in 1846 in his first ‘red guide’, the Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat (Handbook for travellers through Germany and the Austrian Empire).

Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Rhineland, the Ottoman Empire and India. Bradshaw’s Descriptive Railway Hand-Book of Great Britain and Ireland , was published in four parts in 1863, and in recent years has been

designer of distinctive clothes in Jersey fabrics with beading in the Slavic style, of jewellery, handbags and above all of Chanel No 5 in its distinctive bottle.

rubber company before the end of 1934. André Citroën died the following year but the firm, in new hands, continued to prosper. The Traction Avant was assembled abroad in factories at Vorst (Belgium), Cologne

circular notes, the forerunners of travellers’ cheques. His first Continental Timetable & Tourists’ Handbook , listing all the main railway and passenger shipping routes in Europe, and some beyond, appeared

worker. Two years later he formed Götze & Hartmann, a mechanical engineering company in which he handled technological developments and his new partner the commercial aspects. In the same year he purchased

He took issue with his contemporary railway engineers, considering that steam locomotives could handle steeper gradients that those on the lines built by Robert Stephenson (1803-59), and fiercely opposing

et vous aurez bonne table et bon gîte’. (‘Your journey will be enchanting. You will be led by the hand. Your yearning for the picturesque will be satisfied and you will have good cuisine and good lodging

the works of Charles Darwin (1809-82) and Hermann Melville (1819-91). His first travel guide, A Handbook for Travellers to Holland, Belgium and the Rhine appeared in 1836 and was followed by guides to [...] they feature, which can be of great interest to historians of industry. The fifteenth edition of A Handbook for Travellers on the Continent being a guide to Holland, Belgium, Prussia, Northern Germany and

Institutes, and gained inspiration for her characteristic designs from an exhibition of traditional handicrafts organised by the Federation at the Victoria & Albert Museum. From 1953 she began to print her own

at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Elberfeld was an important area for making textiles by hand, with production controlled by a yarn guild. In 1774, Brügelmann married Anna Christina Ochsen (neé

one of the most important textile manufacturing cities in Europe. Łodz was a traditional area for hand-made textiles. From the 1820s mechanised mills for the woollen and flax industries were built, notably

Derwent. Their business became highly successful, producing far more silk threat than the English hand spinners. It employed around 300 people. John Lombe died only a year later. He may have been poisoned

profitable early invention, in 1843, was to make bronze powder by machine more cheaply than the hand-made product from Germany. He bought a fine house and offices in London and created a large laboratory

cards recorded a particular pattern and they could be changed to make a different one. This made hand-weaving much faster and more accurate. In 1805 Napoleon declared Jacquard’s invention the property of

(Brothers Nobel Oil Company). With expert engineers from Sweden, Ludwig and Robert made plans for the handling of oil from well to refinery, store and export. Their technologically advanced approach adopted

it was likely to grow even faster when Arkwright’s patent expired. As cotton weaving was with hand-operated looms they believed there would not be enough weavers for the yarn produced. Cartwright applied [...] problems with his machines. Their action often failed, and they were not much more productive than hand looms – they were not fast and operators could only manage a single loom. He set up a cotton factory [...] ribbons), many refinements were needed before mechanical looms were effective for all textiles. Handlooms continued in use for a long time. By 1812, a quarter of a century after Cartwright built his factory