spindles were used to imitate the hands of the spinning women. Experienced workers were necessary to operate the machines, but nonetheless productivity was much higher than by hand spinning. Since the threads [...] the weavers no longer had to push the shuttles through the warp threads over the spinning frame by hand. Nevertheless Kay’s invention remained an isolated step forward on the long road to power looms. The [...] take a bundle of extremely thin short fibres, the so-called shear wool, and pull out the fibres by hand, before stretching and twisting them. In the 1730s two inventors by the name of Lewis Paul and John

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ON THE HISTORY OF PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Listen Domestic handmade textile production was typical for the pre-industrial age. The father sat at the loom and the women of the family were responsible [...] keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory [...] department. Division of labour raised productivity considerably. The actions of the workers, on the other hand, were increasingly reduced to a few, constantly repeated movements. As a result they gradually became

immediately introduced agricultural reforms, farming remained unproductive. Apart from traditional handicrafts, trade was limited to small businesses that processed agricultural products, such as mills and [...] and oil presses. After the Second World War, the country once again passed into Russian hands and the government in Moscow launched a comprehensive industrialisation campaign. However, unlike in most Soviet [...] for textiles and electrical appliances were built in the larger cities. Heavy industry, on the other hand, was concentrated east of the Dniester: since 1954, a hydroelectric power plant has been generating

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF AUSTRIA Listen On the one hand, Austria possessed all the prerequisites for industrialisation: plentiful natural resources, particularly iron ore and salt, and a long mining [...] late Middle Ages, tens of thousands of miners were extracting silver and copper ore. On the other hand, the mountainous terrain impeded trade and travel. Nor could Trieste, the only sizeable port of the [...] Vorarlberg region, and in Vienna – where the Rothschilds founded the merchant bank "Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe" in 1855 – the manufacturing of rail cars and locomotives flourished in particular. The

version, is newly composed each year, as is the specially developed choreography, which translates the hand movements and gestures of work from the past into modern movements. Photos and videos will be taken [...] countries the participants danced to the music of Dario Schüler and the choreography of Truong Hai Le. Beforehand, we got people in the mood for the dance with a countdown video. Countdown video 'WORK it OUT'

dipped a screen the size of a sheet of paper into the vat and with it pulled out a portion of pulp. He handed the screen over to a colleague who in an elegant rolling motion dumped the dripping mat of fibres [...] in the 12th century. After the muslim emirates north of the Mediterranean Sea fell into christian hands again, european scholars, magistrates and merchants quickly discovered the advantages of the new writing [...] Nicolas Louis Robert in 1798. He constructed a long flexible screen of wire mesh which, powered by a hand crank, rotated continuously, not unlike a conveyor belt. While it rotated, pulp was shovelled onto

This was probably why in the 2nd century BC the process of papermaking ... more PRODUCTION Domestic handmade textile production was typical for the pre-industrial age. The father sat at the loom and the women

consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was augmented by a handful of forges that smelted the locally mined iron ore. The charcoal-fired Catalan forge was long considered [...] become the standard method of smelting in the neighbouring countries. The economy was dominated by a handful of aristocratic families, some of whom have preserved their influence down to the present day. As

soon the business began an early form of serial production in Luxemburg. In Saarland, on the other hand, Nicolas Villeroy had developed a new process for printing complicated decorations on porcelain. At [...] steelmaking. Most of the coke for the blast furnaces in Luxemburg came from Germany. On the other hand the iron and steel produced here was sent to the Ruhrgebiet for further processing. The dependency

professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these industrial communities at first hand. Effective methods are needed to transfer and share knowledge with new staff and volunteers entering

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

are unevenly distributed and because for centuries the territory of the modern country was in the hands of three different foreign powers. The fertile black-earth region to the west of the Dniepr was long [...] partitioned at the end of the 18th century, the western, “right-bank” Ukraine also fell into the hands of the czars. During this period, the land-owning Polish nobility erected the first grain mills and

unthinkable: In the south, it was dominated by arch-conservative landowners; in the north, it was in the hands of countless small farmers who farmed on the edge of subsistence, and so productivity remained low [...] electrical equipment manufacturers emerged. The economy remained dominated by a small elite of a handful of families intermarried with the large landowners, but finally the process of structural change

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

Imperialism (Deyna Parvanova) L'histoire de la traite négrière en France Den danske kolonisering og slavehandel (Fatalink. J. Jensen, M. Arrouas) Den økonomiske udvikling, kolonier og landboreformer (danmar [...] Remembrance - A Guide to Sites, Museums and Memory (Unesco) Mitteleuropa und der transatlantische Sklavenhandel: eine lange Geschichte (WerkstattGeschichte; Klaus Weber) Zucker - zentrales Leitprodukt der

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS Listen Industrialisation came late: on the one hand, because the Netherlands had only small deposits of the key raw materials coal and iron ore, and on the [...] sugar cane, coffee and indigo, which were easy to market. The indigenous population, on the other hand, suffered from hunger because this left less land for rice fields. Around the middle of the 19th century

"AEG". On the one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms

first time in history to establish secure food production independent of the weather. On the other hand, theorists had gained insights into the structure of chemical elements: The "structural formula" developed [...] that traditional bleaching powder came under massive price pressure. Electrothermics, on the other hand, used heat mainly to operate the new, extremely hot electric arc furnaces that produced steel alloys

Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing of cotton and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation