and children in textile factories had to work shifts of between 14 and 16 hours. Even hen working conditions improved during the course of the 19th century – primarily for children – this tendency was aggravated

workers' association was the British 'Chartists'. They were concerned not only with better working conditions, but also with political participation: In the 'People's Charta' of 1838, they demanded the vote [...] but in the end the governments brutally crushed the uprisings. From the middle of the century, conditions began to improve. In industrial cities, the systematic construction of sanitary facilities began

effort. According to international law, prisoners of war could be used as labourers under certain conditions, but as they could not decide on the nature and duration of their work in the German Reich, their [...] and Poles eventually forming the vast majority. On farms and in private households, their living conditions could be bearable - but they were at the mercy of the racism of the German population every day

century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial period of growth

especially in the heartland between the Pruth and Dniester rivers in today's Republic of Moldova, the conditions for industrialisation were poor and the population lived in poverty for centuries. In the Middle

years villages exploded into major cities: here the masses were forced to live under appalling conditions in crowded slums and damp cellars. Working hours were around 14 hours a day and the workers were [...] working day were soon followed by demands for a ten-hour day. The first improvements in working conditions occurred after a law was introduced in 1842 to restrict child labour and women's work in Great [...] countries thousands of people continued to live in overpopulated slums with catastrophic hygienic conditions. The industrial age in the Netherlands only really began around 1860. The country was not only

one another. In addition, hardly any other industry boasts the same diversity of manufacturing conditions, which is due to the abundance of textile samples that still shapes the industry and enables even

Perhaps stories telling about industrial history, or about people and their working or living conditions? Here you are right ... more BROCHURE: EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE From its very beginning, i

workers. For the same reason they were able to postpone any improvements to the catastrophic working conditions for a long time. Thus, for centuries technical developments failed to move on from the Middle Ages

great deal of European common ground waiting to be discovered. For a start, the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less the same, assuming that a miner in the Ruhr or the valleys

HISTORY OF BELGIUM Listen The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse and Sambre [...] especially the "Borinage" in the far west - gained a sad notoriety because of the disastrous working conditions and the miserable wages. The workers fought back in bitter strikes and the region developed into

1880s, Switzerland, traditionally a nation of emigration on account of the precarious agricultural conditions, became dependent on immigration. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland

western or eastern Europe, the history of industry in Greece remains a special case. The initial conditions were unfavourable, as Greece is made up of innumerable widely scattered islands and a mainland

which was boosted by the vast forests of this Alpine country. Concurrently, industrial working conditions gradually improved, working time was capped at 11 hours and health and accident insurance was

manufacture ... more BELGIUM The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse ... more

the pioneer of industrialisation, was the first nation to be confronted with these new economic conditions, but the Empire, which expanded almost unchallenged after victories over France, was able to satisfy