and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to WorldWar II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton and tobacco were established, mainly in Skopje [...] severely than the other constituent republics. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of North Macedonia World Atlas: What are the major natural resources of North Macedonia? Bitola. 'Dragor' Flour mill North
ly early, the Chinese empire started to build up a large bureaucracy. This was probably why in the 2nd century BC the process of papermaking was invented - a process which basically remained in use up [...] providing a basis for scholarship and the arts of poetry and calligraphy, which flourished in the muslim world. Since the Arabs manufactured paper in their european possessions, too, Europe learnt papermaking
the rural regions only factories for foodstuffs and farming equipment thrived. After the First WorldWar, the diverse economic structure of the various regions weighed heavily on the reconstituted Polish [...] Prussian King Friedrich II, who won this territory rich in natural resources from Austria in the Silesian Wars, appointed experts who brought in state-of-the-art British technology. Coal mining in Silesia commenced [...] Black Friday 1929 triggered a new crisis. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Poland World Atlas: The biggest industries in Poland? Chorzow. Königshütte Ironworks
in Angola. Since Britain formally banned the slave trade in 1807, Portugal still shipped more than 2 million Africans to South America: more than any other country. It was not until 1869 that the government [...] long-overdue end to the era of isolation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Portugal World Atlas: The biggest industries in Portugal Lisboa. Xabregas Tobacco Factory (Museo de Lisboa; J. Pedrozo)
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the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory age began around the end of the 18th century in [...] leader. Milk conservation can also be traced back to military requirements. During the American Civil War in the 1860s Gail Borden developed condensed milk. A Swiss firm launched it onto the European market
independent state in 1878, the government worked to encourage the growth of industry. Up until WorldWar I, typical “entry-level” industries such as food production, textile manufacturing and wood- and [...] to Austria-Hungary. New canals facilitated shipping on the Danube. The peace treaties following WorldWar I granted Romania large territories, some of which were already industrially developed. Mines in [...] dependent on Nazi Germany. The country made the decisive transition to an industrial nation following WorldWar II. In line with Soviet directives, all private enterprises were nationalised by 1948. This was
Radio Works commenced operation in 1932, and began the mass production of televisions following WorldWar II. New power stations delivered electricity, new canals and railways facilitated transportation [...] in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and trucks. One of the world’s most innovative aircraft manufacturers grew out of the Moscow office of the designer Andrei Niko [...] state. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Industrialization in the Soviet Union WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Russia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Russia Perm. Motovolikha Copper Mill Russia was a union
connected the town to the Italian railway network via a winding and tunnelled route. As a result of war damage, however, operations were discontinued as early as 1944. Today, the manufacturing industry is [...] the economy is dominated by banking and tourism. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of San Marino World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in San Marino San Marino. Rimini-San Marino Railway
after WorldWar I led to the founding of the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenes”, which also included the former Habsburg Voyvodina, the “bread basket” north of the Danube. However, the war’s devastation [...] back and forth between farmyard and factory: a special class of worker-peasants emerged. Following WorldWar II, the massive efforts of the “Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” delivered rapid successes [...] railway from Belgrade to Sarajevo in Bosnia through the rugged Sargan Mountains, begun before the War, was finally completed, and copper mining in Bor and cotton processing flourished. However, industry
result of pressure from the unions: this had sunk even further to around 50 hours by the First WorldWar. Increasing leisure in the evenings, and soon on work-free Sundays, meant that a huge variety of [...] the largest and – after further extensions - allegedly the most impressive cinema palace in the world. Public film shows started in Paris in 1895 and quickly became the leading mass medium. The over-decorated [...] before it was equipped with bowling greens and roundabouts. The famous Big Wheel was built for the World Exhibition of 1897. By contrast the "Tivoli Gardens" in Copenhagen, based on London parks and built
Revolution in England, concrete connections have now been proven: English traders trafficked some 2.5 million people from Africa to the plantations of the Caribbean and North America in the 18th century [...] slavery no longer fit the times economically either: capitalism demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept
and paper industries. The number of factories had almost doubled by the beginning of the Second WorldWar, although most of these operations were small and the rural population continued to suffer high [...] from Idrija. By the 18th century, the mines and smelters, in operation since 1509, had become the world’s largest quicksilver producer. At about the same time, Hrastnik on the Sava witnessed the emergence [...] educational level and a great proportion of services. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Slovenia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Slovenia Domžale. J. Oberwalder & Co. Straw Hat Factory
emigration rate, riven by social divisions which ultimately exploded in 1936 in a bitterly fought civil war that stifled the country’s economy even further. In the aftermath, the internationally shunned dictator [...] Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Revolución industrial en España WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Spain World Atlas: The biggest industries in Spain Barakaldo. Altos Hornos de Vizcaya Steel Works
Stockholm had the most telephones in the world. Sweden secured its status as a leading industrial nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First WorldWar, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied [...] industry now emerged with the companies Scania, Vabis and Volvo, followed by Saab after the Second WorldWar. In the economic boom after 1945, the Swedish Model, in which the state directs the labour and capital [...] capital, to get its debt under control. When Europe’s markets were plunged into crisis at the end of the war, the newly available investment capital stabilised the Swedish economy by supporting domestic demand
became dependent on immigration. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Switzerland? St. Gallen. Bodensee Toggenburg Railway | Kubel
attack anyone who tried to construct them; at times the social conflicts resembled a bloody civil war. The complete production process was now mechanised, from the original ball of fibres to the completed [...] expanding industrial city of Manchester made the county of Lancashire the leading textile region in the world. Hundreds of thousands of workers abandoned the countryside for the cities. The textile industry became
initial factory in Kayseri However, it was the more liberal economic policies following the Second WorldWar which truly established industrialisation. Initially, the government subsidised food processing [...] farmers, the country is now independent of food imports. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Turkey World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Turkey History of Istanbul: Economy Istanbul. Bomonti Brewery
by WorldWar II, but the dramatic regional imbalance remained. After WorldWar II, the government of the Soviet Union once again prioritised reconstruction of the devastated factories. The pre-war production [...] invested massively in the reconstruction and expansion of the industrial plants destroyed during WorldWar I. Among other projects, a steel plant and a tractor factory were comstructed in Charvik, a steel [...] locomotive factory in Luhansk. In 1932, the world’s largest hydroelectric plant was completed on the Dniepr. By 1937, the Ukraine was numbered among the world’s leading producers of pig iron and coal. The
