Forced labour was first used on a significant scale during the First World War, when the German Reich employed nearly three million prisoners of war and civilians from abroad in industry and agriculture [...] prisoners of war from West and East, and concentration camp inmates were forced to work in German industry and agriculture. In August 1944, the civilian labour force alone amounted to 6 million people, a [...] women. After unsuccessful recruitment attempts, labour was conscripted in all occupied countries: First in the Czech Republic and Poland, then in Western Europe, with Russians and Poles eventually forming

inevitable side effect of the industrial boom. From about the middle of the 18th century, the chemical industry also played its part in the increasing destruction of the environment. The mass production of the [...] deposited in landfills, from where water-soluble elements leached into the groundwater. London's first sewers emptied into the Thames just behind the city, so that floods pushed the filth back into the [...] but the fact that the wind simply carried the pollution further away was largely ignored. In the first half of the 20th century, wars and economic crises hampered research into environmental degradation

industrial history. Germany's Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South Wales, a key region in the "world's first industrial nation". Both these areas comprise a number of less significant industrial monuments - [...] most important industrial regions in Europe. more Regional Routes in Italy Minett Tour The steel industry shaped the landscape, factories and blast furnaces rose, and workers formed an unfamiliar kind of

preferably an ERIH site – which they present to their fellow students during their stay in Berlin. The first week of the Summer School focuses on acquiring knowledge about industrial heritage in its broadest [...] Behrens-Ufer areal in the south-east of Berlin. A group of students developed a concept for “Sounds of Industry: Industrial Heritage x Club Culture” and two individual students engaged themselves in the topics

the local market was flooded with machine-woven fabrics, ruining the centuries-old Indian textile industry. Instead of sugar and coffee as consumer goods, European entrepreneurs now imported huge quantities [...] in 1807, England banned the slave trade, and in 1833 it also largely banned slavery - not as the first, but as the nation that could halfway enforce this decision worldwide thanks to its superior navy

increasingly facing the retirement of their first generation of professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these industrial communities at first hand. Effective methods are needed to transfer [...] Industrial heritage is more than just industrial buildings and machinery, the "tangible" remains of industry. It also includes the complex knowledge of how to operate and maintain machinery, a wide range of [...] change' , the conference showcased practical examples of preserving and passing on the knowledge of first-generation workers from different countries. It was also a platform for sharing and critically discussing

of Italy. It has no industry and must be supplied from outside with virtually all necessities, including electricity, gas and water. The closest the Vatican City has to an industry is its Printing Office [...] for trains of the Italian state railways was built in the gardens behind St. Peter's Basilica. The first pope to use it was John-Paul XXIII in 1962. In the meantime, tourist excursions to the papal summer

France restored Monaco's independence under the rule of the Grimaldis. A customs union followed. No industry of note developed in Europe's second smallest state, but the 1860s saw a pioneering economic revival [...] city limits to the village of La Turbie. Last but not least, the annual Grand Prix, which, since the first race in 1929, past the former old gasworks in the hairpin bend called the "Gazomètre". The Grand Prix

ON THE HISTORY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Listen The emergence of the chemical industry was triggered by the mechanisation of English textile production in the second half of the 18th century. The output [...] became the first industrial chemical. Factories supplied acid mainly for pickling metals until demand exploded for bleaching linen and cotton. By the beginning of the 19th century, the first continuous [...] helped to alleviate hunger, but was first used to make explosives - without which the German Empire would probably have been forced to surrender at the beginning of the First World War for lack of ammunition

Briton John Fowler was the first to use a steam engine to pull a plough instead of a team of animals. Towards the end of the 19th century, George Stockton Berry developed the first self-propelled combine harvester [...] as it had been in industry. Liebig's discovery, published in 1840, that the minerals nitrogen, potassium salt and phosphorus are essential for plant growth made it possible for the first time to produce [...] ON THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Listen The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the first steps in a long-term 'agricultural revolution' that began in Britain in the 18th century and continued

since 1929, the population grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second World War, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories [...] century and then served primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were in the middle of the [...] copper smelter near Karaganda, and coal mining in Ekibastuz. In 1899, a Russian company drilled the first oil well, and from 1908, with the help of foreign investors, the "black gold" was extracted on a large

function alone for the first time, here for hygienic reasons. The light-flooded buildings constructed almost entirely of iron and glass then had a revolutionary effect: The first was a palm house in the [...] large buildings. In 1927, Albert Kahn completed the first large-scale plant in Dearborn near Detroit for the Ford factories, which were the first to consistently use assembly line work: a huge hall made [...] material, and concrete. Iron constructions were used to reduce the risk of fire in the British textile industry from around 1800. In a flax mill in Shrewsbury, for example, the architect Charles Bage combined

using a fashionable, rectangular grid, street pattern, that is still well preserved. In 1867, the first train towards Odessa rolled out of the railway station in Tiraspol in today's Transnistria, east of [...] wines and spirits today, opened in Tiraspol, but sustained growth failed to materialise. After the First World War, Moldova became part of Romania. Although the new government immediately introduced agricultural [...] Soviet republics, the emphasis was on the mechanisation of agriculture and the expansion of the food industry. Sugar factories, dairies and canning plants were built, and thanks to new, large-scale wine presses

when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" founded in 1918. In 1929, the first hydroelectric power plant was built in Prizren, which has since been converted into an electricity [...] the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of the large lignite deposits, and the electricity generated [...] addition, Kosovo itself had hardly any plants for the processing of its raw materials, so that the industry collapsed after the disintegration of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. At the same

Yerevan was connected. Slowly, a working class formed and the first signs of urbanisation appeared in the mining centres. During the First World War and the following turmoil, the still agrarian, backward [...] and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation was intensified and in 1887 the first factory for cognac production was built in Yerevan – cognac still is Armenia's best-known export today [...] programme common in socialist economic policy. One focus was on energy supply: in Yerevan, in 1923 the first hydroelectric power plant was built, and in 1936, construction began on the Sevan-Hrasdan Cascade

Georgia’s natural resources were exploited early on. Some researchers identify the country as among the first pre-historic cultures to learn how to smelt copper. The ancient legend of the Golden Fleece recalls [...] Walter von Siemens, the brother of famous entrepreneur and inventor Werner von Siemens, built the first oil derricks in the Russian Empire to extract Georgian oil. Ludwig Nobel, brother of dynamite inventor [...] which commenced operation in 1907. Today, a museum in Batumi documents the history of the petroleum industry. At the same time, both the Czar of Russia and the German steel group Krupp invested in mining the

steel oil tanks and laid the first pipelines from the oil wells to their refinery. To accelerate transport to the heart of the Russian Empire, they commissioned the first ocean-going oil tanker to carry [...] and Gas University, was founded in 1920 as the first institute for the training of petroleum engineers. Production of natural gas began in 1928. The first offshore drilling in the Caspian Sea was undertaken [...] Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan History of development of oil industry World Atlas: The biggest industries in Azerbaijan Neft Daşları. Oil platform

backed by European banks, the Ottoman “Régie Company” invested in the tobacco industry in the region around Prilep, and the first major railway line went into operation in 1873, linking Skopje with the port [...] ultimately allotted to the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to World War II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton [...] capital, qualified labour and a transportation infrastructure prevented any substantial development of industry. Finally recognised as an autonomous Macedonian nation, the country became a constituent republic

heavy industry. Bosnia in particular profited from President Tito’s break with the Soviet Union in 1948: relatively far from the nation’s borders, it was considered a safe location for industry. Consequently [...] production of salt near Tuzla, where today this history is preserved by a museum, and expanded the first foundry near Priyedor, which also dates back to pre-Christian times. Trade began to flourish in Bosnian [...] mid-19th century, the reforming attempts of the ailing Ottoman empire began to have an impact: the first railway line between Croatia and Banja Luka, today the capital of the Republic of Srpska, was completed

Brewery was founded in Nikšić. The Austrians opened a shipyard in Tivat for their navy, and built the first narrow-gauge railway into the interior in 1901. However, the economy depended solely on animal breeding [...] wood products appeared in the decade following. In the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes”, the first Yugoslavian state, founded in 1918, Montenegro remained the smallest and poorest part. A few Croatian [...] relocated to Podgorica (then “Titograd”) and the central government embarked on a programme of heavy industry expansion on the Soviet model. Mining of bauxite, the country’s most important raw material, began