stood and pigs often lived. The situation was even worse in the tenement blocks: Berlin became a model, where speculators built multi-storey blocks with up to six backyards, squeezing in more multi-storey

off the huge amounts of water with windmills which had proved their worth for centuries, or using modern steam engines. This was a tricky enterprise, for the Haarlemmer lake was about 180 square kilometres

in the mines - an example of the not always rapid course of industrialisation - Watt's perfected model also conquered iron processing: it drove the blowers of the blast furnaces so that higher melting

because natural resources are unevenly distributed and because for centuries the territory of the modern country was in the hands of three different foreign powers. The fertile black-earth region to the [...] leading producers of pig iron and coal. The south-eastern portion of the country developed into a modern industrial region and urban population doubled by World War II, but the dramatic regional imbalance

which caused a deep divide with respect to the agricultural regions, particularly as the overdue modernisation of agriculture failed to materialise. Additionally, the government protected the new enterprises [...] fruit and vegetable products, olive oil and tobacco. Although there is still a great gap between modern agricultural enterprises and small farmers, the country is now independent of food imports. Related

invented sparkplugs, and in 1911 in the USA, an electric starting motor. Maybach’s 1901 "Mercedes" model contained a pioneering example of a motorcar engine: a four-cylinder, four-stroke 35 hp engine which [...] market. He deliberately set out to build a cheap everyday car for farmers in the mid-west, the Ford model T. Sales rose like lightning, bringing with them revolutionary methods of production. As early as

it provided both the blueprint for the machine-based mass production of the industrial age and the model for the new social structure: an agrarian society determined by land ownership was replaced by the

emerged as Swiss engineers were designing their own spinning and weaving machines in place of British models, and the bleaching and dyeing of cloth gave rise to chemical plants. This development was most pronounced

remained a poor, agrarian country for a long time. At the start of the 19th century, widespread modernisation of agriculture led to an initial economic upswing and a growth in population. However, it was [...] Volvo, followed by Saab after the Second World War. In the economic boom after 1945, the Swedish Model, in which the state directs the labour and capital markets with the aim of promoting a productive

mountains are enormously rich in natural resources. However, political circumstances delayed its modernisation by over a century. In prehistoric times, the land’s natural resources were exploited by native [...] important economic factor thanks to the rapidly expanding sugar cane plantations: in 1860, Cuba's ultra-modern sugar industry, equipped with steam engines and narrow-gauge railways, covered around a third [...] grow. At the same time, the government opened up the country for investors, enabling a thorough modernisation of the industrial sector. The “Spanish Economic Miracle” which followed in the 1960s was due in

transformed into a giant production centre for artillery, munitions and heavy weapons. Germany modernised roads and railway lines for strategic purposes. The path to industrialisation dictated by Germany

built in the middle of the 19th century. The town planner, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who radically modernised the mediaeval building structures of the French capital, expressly requested that they be built [...] "Galleria Vittorio Emanuele" in Milan inspired the German entrepreneur Leonard Tietz to copy his model in Berlin and Dusseldorf, where he built department stores with impressive facades containing large [...] the functions performed within it. The American Louis Sullivan summed up this basic principle of modern architecture with the pithy formula: "form follows function". Sullivan had a major influence on the

Danube. However, the war’s devastation was enormous, and the subsequent two decades brought only modest growth. The narrow-gauge railway from Belgrade to Sarajevo in Bosnia through the rugged Sargan Mountains [...] Additionally, the state replaced central control of the economy with a more flexible, decentralised model containing capitalist elements. But very few businesses were able to compete in the western markets

the first factory in the world? Where was the biggest steam engine built? And where was the most modern colliery of its time? Industrialisation has changed the face of Europe. It has left us with a rich

powers. As in all countries of south-eastern Europe, it was not until the end of the 19th century that modest industrialisation took off, even though Romania possessed major deposits of raw materials (mainly

effective refrigerator. An American by the name of Jacob Perkins is reputed to have built the first model in 1835. Around 20 years later an Australian, James Harrison, introduced refrigerators to the meat

wahren und diese vor unbefugten Zugriffen zu schützen. Deshalb wenden wir äußerste Sorgfalt und modernste Sicherheitsstandards an, um einen maximalen Schutz Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten zu gewährleisten

glass and ironmongery businesses as well as woollen manufactories followed. But in agriculture, modernisation was unthinkable: In the south, it was dominated by arch-conservative landowners; in the north

difficult to sell. On the whole though, the chemical industry of the region remained on a relatively modest level. Once state-sponsored industry had set the process in motion, Silesian landowners became the

heavy industry, he also built settlements and schools there, so that the place was soon considered a model town. The concept set a precedent throughout the country: by 1920, power plants were springing up