Slavery' The Importance of Atlantic Slavery for the 18th Century Dutch Economy (Bosma & Brandon) Slave trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire (Rik van Welie) The industrial revolution was the [...] s: According to them, business with colonial goods from America accounted for about 20% of total Dutch foreign trade around 1770. It was not only trade and shipbuilding in the major ports that made money [...] "Second Industrial Revolution": copper, for example, came from the Belgian Congo, crude oil from Dutch Java, rubber for rubber production from French Indochina. Behind the imperialist sabre-rattling of

integrated into the castle-like courtyards. Striking, creatively designed housing estates were created by Dutch architects influenced by the artist group "De Stijl": Initially often made of traditional bricks and

to secure the supply for his refinery on the Adriatic. In 1892, Marcus Samuel, co-founder of Royal Dutch Shell, dispatched an oil tanker from Batumi on the route to the Far East. This marked the start of

century, major concerns were created in the new industrial areas of electro-technology and chemistry. Dutch and Danish farmers developed new forms of marketing. Organised along cooperative lines, they were

Science Centre Marcinelle (B). Le Bois du Cazier Market Harborough (GB). Foxton Locks Medemblik (NL). Dutch Steam Machine Museum Krayenberggemeinde (D). Merkers Adventure Mine Norrköping (S). Museum of Work

was the Oranian Military Reform at the end of the 16th century: in their fight for independence the Dutch created the first standing army which, due to permanent drill, was ready for combat at any time. The

cheese. Long before the industrial revolution, Great Britain also profited from the experiences of the Dutch. Soon after the first polder had been created, King Charles I commissioned a civil engineer by the [...] Civil War in the 1640s, the country's new leader Oliver Cromwell engaged him once more. When the Dutch began one of their largest land reclamation projects during the period of industrialisation, British [...] continually eroding the land. Indeed in 1836 they even threatened to flood the huge trading capital. The Dutch king Wilhelm I. had the choice of either pumping off the huge amounts of water with windmills which

and traditional trade - not least through the exploitation of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, South America and Southeast Asia. Dutch traded African slaves for the plantations in America, but profited [...] Haarlem line, but was very slow due to the numerous, obstructive waterways and the preference of Dutch investors to invest their capital abroad. Symbolic, but if little consequence, was King Willems I's [...] companies emerged: as a light bulb factory, the "Philips" company was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. The "Dutch artificial silk factory Enka" and the pharmaceutical company "Organon", which later merged with the

labour. Colonial powers often imposed forced labour on indigenous peoples: In addition to the Spanish, Dutch and French, the British in particular, who after the abolition of slavery in the 19th century, took