belonged to Sweden: as both labour and charcoal as fuel were available in abundance, Swedish iron ore was refined in Finnish iron works. However, the use of wood as fuel, in saw mills and for the production [...] At the start of the 20th century, one of Finland’s few major mineral deposits was discovered: the copper deposits in Outokumpu, which were actively mined until 1989. Finland became independent in 1919 in
triggered a mineral extraction boom: copper mining returned to Rio Tinto, mercury mining was resumed in Almadén, lead was mined near Cartagena, coal in Asturias and iron ore in the Basque country. However, [...] Romans subsequently mined gold at Las Medulas, cinnabar (mercury sulphide) in Almadén and silver and copper on the Rio Tinto on a quasi-industrial scale. Following this phase, mining went into decline for [...] manufactories in Toledo and Trubia and the glass works at La Granja. Starting in the 17 th century, iron ore was refined in the Basque region. Aside from that, paper, alcoholic beverages and colourful print fabrics
1930s, around three quarters of Albania’s children were still illiterate. Mining of coal, copper and chromite ore gradually commenced, driven mostly by Italian companies. The state’s budget soon became dependent [...] ly being processed domestically: copper at the Shkodra cable and wire plant and petroleum in one of the first Albanian refineries in Fier. The nickel-infused iron ore from the Pogradec region went mostly [...] and its allies proved to be grateful buyers of Albanian raw materials, exploitation of petroleum, copper, chrome and bitumen boomed. Agriculture, however, continued to be neglected, so that Albania was
“cuprum”, the root for “copper”. When humans learned to alloy copper with a small amount of tin around 3300 BCE – creating bronze – this greatly enhanced the properties of the material. Copper mining on Cyprus [...] reopened the ancient copper mine at Skouriotissa. The Hellenic Mining Company mined gold and silver ore for ten years near Mitseros in the Troodos Mountains starting in the 1920s. Copper mining was suspended [...] INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF CYPRUS Listen Copper is Cyprus’s only major natural resource – but it was once so plentiful that it secured the island’s fame and wealth for millennia. Copper was the first metal that humans
near Oslo (later "Kristiania") became a mining centre when silver was discovered there in 1623. Copperore began to be mined in Røros and Løkken in central Norway, and from 1772 cobalt, which was used to [...] installed innovative equipment to exploit the vast iron ore deposits. On the southwest coast, the "Titania AS" mined ilmenite (titanium iron ore) from 1916 onwards, from which the paint industry produced [...] century, technical progress throughout Europe affected the Norwegian mining industry. The traditional copper mines in both Røros and Løkken switched to mining pyrite (sulphur gravel), which was in demand for
Common Era. And in the late Middle Ages, tens of thousands of miners were extracting silver and copperore. On the other hand, the mountainous terrain impeded trade and travel. Nor could Trieste, the only [...] possessed all the prerequisites for industrialisation: plentiful natural resources, particularly iron ore and salt, and a long mining tradition. The Celts, for instance, developed underground salt mining to
The late Middle Ages was the golden age of Slovakian mining: gold, silver and copper from mines throughout the Slovak Ore Mountains guaranteed the power and wealth of the Hungarian kings, who ruled Slovakia [...] large part of Hungary’s demand for precious metals and iron ore into the 19th century. Numerous small iron works thrived at the edges of the Ore Mountains, mostly operated by nobles such as the Andrássy [...] In the 14th century, Rožňava was elevated to the rank of city on account of its gold, silver and copper mines; later, the city enjoyed a renaissance driven by iron mining. The importance of the mining
exports of the plentiful raw materials of iron ore and wood. By contrast, Sweden has very few coal deposits. Until the end of the 17th century, copper from the long-established mine in Falun also played [...] opened in 1864. By the start of the 20th century links had been constructed to the north, including the ore railway from Luleå to Narvik in Norway, which connected the mines to both the Baltic and the Atlantic
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AZERBAIJAN The industrial history of Azerbaijan is largely a history of oil. Iron, copper and other ores also lie in the country's soil, but mining remained comparatively modest. Agriculture [...] dominated ... more BELARUS Belarus has few natural resources and in particular lacks coal and iron ore, the basic ingredients of the classic heavy industries. Only potash, used in making fertilisers and
