industrialisation has crossed borders - it has never been a purely national phenomenon. From the mid-18th century, new technologies and production methods spread rapidly across Europe. Manufacturers built

would put their funds together to jointly establish town breweries. The end of the Middle Ages and the mid-16th century saw the development of beer production in nobility-owned breweries, while, simultaneously [...] production, fermentation and filtration, which made it possible for beer production to expand. The mid-19th century saw the golden age of brewing. At that time, many prominent breweries were established

of the peasants were unable to feed even themselves. When the Ottomans conquered the country in the mid-15th century they continued the centuries old production of salt near Tuzla, where today this history [...] into a jewel: the city’s name comes from “saray”, the Turkish word for “palace”. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the reforming attempts of the ailing Ottoman empire began to have an impact: the first

for Greek Fire, a weapon reminiscent of modern flamethrowers. But a boom did not take off until the mid-19th century, when kerosene lamps became the preferred form of domestic and street lighting. Under

of Western Europe. The construction of the railway system played a decisive role: starting in the mid-1850s, the Kaiser Ferdinand Northern Railroad provided services from Vienna to Prague via Brünn, with