effective refrigerator. An American by the name of Jacob Perkins is reputed to have built the first model in 1835. Around 20 years later an Australian, James Harrison, introduced refrigerators to the meat
because natural resources are unevenly distributed and because for centuries the territory of the modern country was in the hands of three different foreign powers. The fertile black-earth region to the [...] leading producers of pig iron and coal. The south-eastern portion of the country developed into a modern industrial region and urban population doubled by World War II, but the dramatic regional imbalance
notorious lack of capital, however, proved to be an obstacle to modernisation, for instance in the construction of canals – an important transport mode in the “land of a thousand lakes”. However, 1856 saw the [...] dominated an overwhelming majority of day labourers and small tenants subsisting on the bare minimum. A modest tradition of iron-working emerged as far back as the mid-17th century, when Finland still belonged [...] wood tar were in great demand for shipbuilding, the new paper factories demanded wood fibres. Modernisation of the agricultural sector finally began in the wake of the last great famine in 1867/68, so that
powers. As in all countries of south-eastern Europe, it was not until the end of the 19th century that modest industrialisation took off, even though Romania possessed major deposits of raw materials (mainly
stood and pigs often lived. The situation was even worse in the tenement blocks: Berlin became a model, where speculators built multi-storey blocks with up to six backyards, squeezing in more multi-storey
corvée labour that European peasants had to perform for their landlords in the Middle Ages and early modern period. It also includes the long-established right of a state to conscript its citizens for unpaid
capacity of the ovens to cope with the large number of victims, the engineer Fritz Sander designed a model that would work continuously with an even supply of corpses: a cremation conveyor belt. "Topf and [...] Extermination Camp (1940-1945) Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp. Model of a gas chamber and crematorium (Bratislavská supa aus Bratislava, Slowakei, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia
workers' rights, which became embedded in today's European welfare state. It was on this basis that modern Europe was built, with its great economic prosperity and high standards of social and medical care
primarily as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were in the middle of the 19th century: the mining of
mountains are enormously rich in natural resources. However, political circumstances delayed its modernisation by over a century. In prehistoric times, the land’s natural resources were exploited by native [...] important economic factor thanks to the rapidly expanding sugar cane plantations: in 1860, Cuba's ultra-modern sugar industry, equipped with steam engines and narrow-gauge railways, covered around a third [...] grow. At the same time, the government opened up the country for investors, enabling a thorough modernisation of the industrial sector. The “Spanish Economic Miracle” which followed in the 1960s was due in
Charles Fourier had developed similar ideas for production and living communities. Following his model, the factory owner Jean-Baptiste Godin realised the "Familistère" settlement next to his foundry in
French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc, who revived Gothic construction principles with modern materials. Representatives of the British "Arts and Crafts" movement also advocated quality craftsmanship
later University College, was established in 1854. The south and west continued to stagnate with modest food-products industries; successful major companies such as Jacob’s Biscuits and the famous Guinness [...] government tried to stimulate domestic production with high import tariffs, and the country experienced a modest boom. However, as export revenues continued to lag, the balance of trade slid deeply into the red
region. Students will be introduced to definitions, characteristics of the phenomenon and theoretical models of approaches. By the end of the course, students will be able to identify, demonstrate and analyse [...] The International Story' Overview of post-industrial sites enlisted on UNESCO World Heritage List Models and examples of reusing former industrial sites and the group their stakeholders Industrial heritage
the Silk Road. It was used as a medicine, as lamp fuel and for Greek Fire, a weapon reminiscent of modern flamethrowers. But a boom did not take off until the mid-19th century, when kerosene lamps became
via Prishtinë to the Greek trading port of Salonika in 1874 did not bring about any improvement. A modest economic revival only began when Kosovo became part of the "Empire of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes" [...] Galvasteel" or "Ferronikeli", producers of special iron alloys, were soon regarded as Yugoslavian model companies. However, as the other parts of the country prospered more, Kosovo fell further and further [...] of the Yugoslavian concept became obvious: rising unemployment, overcapacity and a backlog of modernisation. In addition, Kosovo itself had hardly any plants for the processing of its raw materials, so
erected in 1870, and the associated workers housing are protected monuments today. However, this modest expansion was not sufficient to feed the population: as late as the start of the 20th century, many
crown in the 16th century. In 1532, Andorra was granted freedom from customs duties. Until well into modern times, economic activity consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century [...] banker. He also played an important role in the reforms of 1866 that granted the common people a modest political role for the first time. His son Pau Xavier founded Andorra’s first, albeit short-lived
Islamic architecture. Austrian entrepreneurs invested mainly in heavy industry and mining. They modernised the iron ore mine in Prijedor, today operated by steel conglomerate Arcelor-Mittal, and opened
scarce arable land fell into the hands of Turkish landowners, who did not concern themselves with modernising agriculture. The successful resistance of Montenegrin princes to Ottoman rule in the remote, i [...] “Titograd”) and the central government embarked on a programme of heavy industry expansion on the Soviet model. Mining of bauxite, the country’s most important raw material, began near Nikšić in 1948. As bauxite
