larger groups of workers were concentrated in so-called "manufactories". Although this also applied to textiles, it was more common in glass and salt production, ironworks and hammer works. In France, Royal [...] start, and the workers had to keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head [...] been the pride of hand workers. Since expert knowledge was hardly necessary, employers now preferred to employ women and children whom they could pay less than men. The workers were ruthlessly exploited
in eastern Lorraine. There, salt was manufactured from the saliferous spring water in the area. Workers filled the salty water, called "brine", in big ceramic pans and heated them until the bulk of water [...] shallow basins. Due to the intense sun and the wind, over time the water evaporated and in the end workers scraped up pure dried sea salt. These three traditional ways of salt production have already been [...] by the roman scholar Pliny the elder in his "Natural History". The beginnings of many famous salt works which flourished for centuries lie in the early Middle Ages: Wielicka in Poland for instance, Lüneburg
industrial landscape took shape in this region, termed “Donbass” for short, as ever more coal mines, iron works and settlements were established. The heart of this region was the city of Donezk, which developed [...] was thus originally called Yuzovka. The capital for this boom came mainly from abroad, while the workers mostly came from Russia. At this time, the agricultural industry in the western Ukraine was also
Daugavpils, with Riga added in 1861. In the following years, the Russo-Balt Wagon Factory and machinery works were founded in the suburb Bolderai. Once the rail links to the breadbaskets of southern Russia and [...] large-scale reconstruction and industrialisation programme, as Latvia possessed a stock of well-trained workers and an infrastructure that was still relatively intact. As natural resources were lacking, Moscow [...] bind the Baltic more closely with the USSR at the same time through the mass settlement of Russian workers. Particularly in Riga, plant equipment and metalworking operations were founded: in 1947, the company
metalworking, and the country’s industrialisation was completed. 1946 saw the founding of the tractor works in Minsk, whose Belarus brand tractor remains the country’s most prominent export item. This was followed
labour and charcoal as fuel were available in abundance, Swedish iron ore was refined in Finnish iron works. However, the use of wood as fuel, in saw mills and for the production of tar, was economically more
was now available. However, far too many people sought work in the burgeoning industrial cities, as mechanisation put millions of artisans out of work, and many farmers sought new employment as their farms [...] many people looking for work, factory owners could afford to pay poverty wages. Working hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours, 6 days a week. Violations of the strict time and work discipline resulted in immediate [...] wage deductions, if not dismissal. A skilled worker, perhaps operating a mechanical loom, might earn enough to live on, but usually the whole family had to work: Women for half the wage, children for even
site from coal, then for street lighting: cities built huge cylindrical gas tanks in central gas works, from which "town gas" was distributed through cast-iron pipe networks. Later, long-distance pipelines
needed more and more capital for mechanisation, synthetic inputs and expansion, while the number of workers has fallen inexorably. Countless farmers have given up, unable to cultivate ever larger areas and
association. Partnerships should address at least one of the following topics: education, improving future work opportunities, succession planning, cooperation and exchange of experience and good practice. The [...] Priority will be given to members who have participated in ERIH projects (Industrial Heritage Barometer, WORK it OUT, ...). Applications to participate in the exchange programme should be sent informally to the
demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept of the "free worker" instead of the slave economy and free trade [...] of the new era: slavery had to be banned in order to raise the status of industrial workers. Even if they had to work 12 hours a day, received miserable wages and lived in damp mass quarters - they were [...] historians have argued about the role that slavery and colonialism played in industrialisation. The key work on this subject was published in 1944 by the historian Eric Williams, who, significantly, came from
different countries, making huge profits, and thousands of workers migrated to the emerging industrial areas. Trade unions successfully fought for workers' rights, which became embedded in today's European welfare [...] and high standards of social and medical care. Every town, every industrial monument and every workers' settlement was and still is part of this process that began in Europe and then spread around the
of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial [...] in record time in Rostov on Don, production commenced in the Stalingrad (today Volgograd) tractor works in the mid-1930s, and in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and [...] Moscow office of the designer Andrei Nikolajevitsch Tupolev. Also in Moscow, the Alexandrov Radio Works commenced operation in 1932, and began the mass production of televisions following World War II.
conference showcased practical examples of preserving and passing on the knowledge of first-generation workers from different countries. It was also a platform for sharing and critically discussing experiences [...] the survey (brief description) Results of the survey (detailed description) It is then planned to work with the sites to develop ideas for concrete projects and actions (such as documenting best practice
the crown subsidised operations such as the arms manufactories in Toledo and Trubia and the glass works at La Granja. Starting in the 17 th century, iron ore was refined in the Basque region. Aside from [...] the raw materials were worked as well. In the Basque province of Vizcaya however, mines and steel works proliferated, stimulated by Britain’s insatiable demand for iron. On their return trip, the freighters [...] exports and supported the expansion of the labour-intensive Asturian coal mines and Basque steel works. The INI attempted to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while
"their" workers - they also hoped to retain qualified staff. For example, the factory owner Cristoforo Crespi, inspired by the idea of the garden city, built from 1878 a settlement with small workers' houses [...] ON THE HISTORY OF WORKERS' HOUSING Listen Industrialisation opened up unimagined possibilities for architects and engineers with the continuously improved materials of iron and concrete. At the same time [...] time, it revolutionised housing construction because more and more workers and job seekers were looking for a roof over their heads in expanding industrial regions. In the beginning, there was still room
