on a variety of topics, with open discussion. A new format is 'My day at work', where ERIH site staff present their day-to-day work and raise interest in industrial heritage as a potential career option

was now available. However, far too many people sought work in the burgeoning industrial cities, as mechanisation put millions of artisans out of work, and many farmers sought new employment as their farms [...] many people looking for work, factory owners could afford to pay poverty wages. Working hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours, 6 days a week. Violations of the strict time and work discipline resulted in immediate [...] wage deductions, if not dismissal. A skilled worker, perhaps operating a mechanical loom, might earn enough to live on, but usually the whole family had to work: Women for half the wage, children for even

engineer by the name of Cornelius Vermuyden from Zeeland to carry out diking and land reclamation work. Vermuyden was so successful, above all in the low-lying marshlands of East Anglia that, at the end

An important advance in iron smelting was achieved in 1766 by the entrepreneur Henry Cort: his workers had to constantly stir ("to puddle") the pig iron on an open hearth, the "puddling furnace", so that

industrial landscape took shape in this region, termed “Donbass” for short, as ever more coal mines, iron works and settlements were established. The heart of this region was the city of Donezk, which developed [...] was thus originally called Yuzovka. The capital for this boom came mainly from abroad, while the workers mostly came from Russia. At this time, the agricultural industry in the western Ukraine was also

for cement, fertiliser and chemicals in a bid to become independent of imports. The giant steel works in Ereğli on the Black Sea commenced operation in 1965. Among the increasing number of private start-ups [...] less-efficient state-owned companies have been privatised: for example Sümerbank, shares in the steel works in Ereğli, and the Tüpraş Group, which controls Turkey’s oil refineries. The food industry contributes

The vehicle became commercially viable on the French market where large engineering and assembly works had taken over motor manufacturing. Thanks to producers like Peugeot, Panhard & Levassor and Renault [...] revolutionary methods of production. As early as 1911 assembly line production began in the British Ford works in Manchester. In 1914 the complete Ford factory in Detroit was operating on the assembly line system

skylines in the coal regions were quickly covered in colliery towers and the chimney stacks of iron works. Workers poured into the new industrial centres and in a few years villages exploded into major cities: [...] damp cellars. Working hours were around 14 hours a day and the workers were slaves to the rhythm of the machines. Women were expected to work just as hard for less pay, especially in the collieries and textile [...] and women's work in Great Britain. France and Prussia followed. In order to damp down social conflicts the German government introduced sickness, accident and old age insurance for workers in the 1880s

most important sectors of the British economy, led to attempts to mechanise the work of the spinners. The women workers would take a bundle of extremely thin short fibres, the so-called shear wool, and [...] made redundant and faced starvation. The last skilled workers were replaced by cheaper, specially trained women. In protest, the desperate workers began to destroy the machines and attack anyone who tried [...] two boards with several spindles were used to imitate the hands of the spinning women. Experienced workers were necessary to operate the machines, but nonetheless productivity was much higher than by hand

System prevented the import of cheaper and better English cotton, ever more spinning and weaving works opened their doors, particularly around Zurich. Unlike in the mother country of industrialisation [...] and the construction industry booming, the labour market situation changed to one of a shortage of workers, leading to a rise in wages.Starting in the 1880s, Switzerland, traditionally a nation of emigration

conference showcased practical examples of preserving and passing on the knowledge of first-generation workers from different countries. It was also a platform for sharing and critically discussing experiences [...] the survey (brief description) Results of the survey (detailed description) It is then planned to work with the sites to develop ideas for concrete projects and actions (such as documenting best practice

the crown subsidised operations such as the arms manufactories in Toledo and Trubia and the glass works at La Granja. Starting in the 17 th century, iron ore was refined in the Basque region. Aside from [...] the raw materials were worked as well. In the Basque province of Vizcaya however, mines and steel works proliferated, stimulated by Britain’s insatiable demand for iron. On their return trip, the freighters [...] exports and supported the expansion of the labour-intensive Asturian coal mines and Basque steel works. The INI attempted to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while

instance the TKI chemical works in Hrastnik, which still exist today. The first steam engines were deployed in Ljubljana. Foreign-controlled corporations acquired the iron works at Jesenice and the coal

part of Hungary’s demand for precious metals and iron ore into the 19th century. Numerous small iron works thrived at the edges of the Ore Mountains, mostly operated by nobles such as the Andrássy or Kohary [...] d, which was soon integrated into the Nazi arms production through German capital. Many old iron works were expanded into major steel plants, and the Skoda arms factory in Dubnica was transformed into [...] existing armaments factories continued to operate, joined by gigantic new complexes like the VSŽ steel works at Košice, for which iron ore had to be imported from the Soviet Union and coal from Czechia. The

demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept of the "free worker" instead of the slave economy and free trade [...] of the new era: slavery had to be banned in order to raise the status of industrial workers. Even if they had to work 12 hours a day, received miserable wages and lived in damp mass quarters - they were [...] historians have argued about the role that slavery and colonialism played in industrialisation. The key work on this subject was published in 1944 by the historian Eric Williams, who, significantly, came from

online "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 12 September 2021 ERIH Conference 2020 - Oberhausen (D) & ONLINE "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 13 September 2020 ERIH Conference 2019 - Berlin (D) "Work it Out" ERIH [...] The dark sides of the Industrial Revolution Slavery and colonialism Nazi and other forced labour Workers' misery and labour movement Destruction of the environment Industrialised genocide Stories about [...] Projects Brochure "The International Story" Presentation "Change with an Impact" ERIH Dance Event "WORK it OUT" Objects and Stories "Linking Europe" ERIH Industrial Heritage Barometer Exchange programme

leading companies needed increasingly larger administration sections to market mass products. Office work was a dynamic new service sector, and in the United States it triggered off countless new techniques [...] to bottom to enable as many similar storeys to be piled up on top of one another, as one wished. As work became ever more mechanised during the industrial age, manufacturers increased working hours, without [...] further to around 50 hours by the First World War. Increasing leisure in the evenings, and soon on work-free Sundays, meant that a huge variety of new forms of entertainment sprung up in heavily populated

the thousands of unemployed workers and agricultural yields remained poor. Many farmers thus travelled back and forth between farmyard and factory: a special class of worker-peasants emerged. Following

in eastern Lorraine. There, salt was manufactured from the saliferous spring water in the area. Workers filled the salty water, called "brine", in big ceramic pans and heated them until the bulk of water [...] shallow basins. Due to the intense sun and the wind, over time the water evaporated and in the end workers scraped up pure dried sea salt. These three traditional ways of salt production have already been [...] by the roman scholar Pliny the elder in his "Natural History". The beginnings of many famous salt works which flourished for centuries lie in the early Middle Ages: Wielicka in Poland for instance, Lüneburg

of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial [...] in record time in Rostov on Don, production commenced in the Stalingrad (today Volgograd) tractor works in the mid-1930s, and in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and [...] Moscow office of the designer Andrei Nikolajevitsch Tupolev. Also in Moscow, the Alexandrov Radio Works commenced operation in 1932, and began the mass production of televisions following World War II.