the factory was located had its own housing estate for the workers, a kindergarten and the director’s villa. It even had its own electricity works at a time when the town of Luxemburg was still lit by gas
ant role. The main cause was the ongoing abundance of workers. Colliery owners were able to attain higher outputs simply by employing more workers. For the same reason they were able to postpone any i [...] effective safety lamp, whose flame was screened off from the pit gas by an extremely thin wire trellis. Work underground remained highly dangerous and extremely dangerous to health because of the risk of explosions [...] high enough to allow this. If not, people had to push and pull the wagons. In British collieries this work was often done by women and children crawling on all fours. The loads of coal they had to push, weighed
in 1968. In Nikšić, soon celebrated as the “city of industry, steel and beer”, a greenfield steel works was erected which grew to become Montenegro’s largest industrial plant. Lead and zinc ore deposits [...] 1947, grew to over one third of overall economic output by the 1970s and the number of industrial workers exceeded agricultural employment significantly. Yet Montenegro was still one of the poor constituent
the British in particular, who after the abolition of slavery in the 19th century, took countless workers from India and China as indentured labourers and deported them to colonies on other continents. In [...] labourers under certain conditions, but as they could not decide on the nature and duration of their work in the German Reich, their employment was considered forced labour. German authorities initially tried [...] at the end of 1916, not least on the initiative of entrepreneurs. However, most of them refused to work in Germany and the deportations were largely stopped in early 1917. The recruitment of civilians in
online "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 12 September 2021 ERIH Conference 2020 - Oberhausen (D) & ONLINE "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 13 September 2020 ERIH Conference 2019 - Berlin (D) "Work it Out" ERIH [...] The dark sides of the Industrial Revolution Slavery and colonialism Nazi and other forced labour Workers' misery and labour movement Destruction of the environment Industrialised genocide Stories about [...] Projects Brochure "The International Story" Presentation "Change with an Impact" ERIH Dance Event "WORK it OUT" Objects and Stories "Linking Europe" ERIH Industrial Heritage Barometer Exchange programme
partitioning of this nation occurred during the decisive 150 years in which Europe’s first textile works, coal mines and railways were built. During those years, parts of today’s Poland belonged to the [...] cotton textile industry there starting in 1820 – with all the adverse side effects: exploitation of workers and dramatic environmental pollution. At about the same time, a major centre of heavy industry emerged [...] Katowice which produced extremely tough wrought iron, and succeeded in establishing a steam engine works in Gleiwitz. Also, the deposits of zinc ore around Katowice were quite significant. During the 19th
trade in wine, fruit and cork developed, although grain imports were still necessary. The qualified workers and capital required for industrialisation were lacking. The fact that Portuguese foreign trade was
larger groups of workers were concentrated in so-called "manufactories". Although this also applied to textiles, it was more common in glass and salt production, ironworks and hammer works. In France, Royal [...] start, and the workers had to keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head [...] been the pride of hand workers. Since expert knowledge was hardly necessary, employers now preferred to employ women and children whom they could pay less than men. The workers were ruthlessly exploited
Italy Minett Tour The steel industry shaped the landscape, factories and blast furnaces rose, and workers formed an unfamiliar kind of settlements. more Regional Routes in the Netherlands Silesia Silesian
of the 19th century the Russian Empire experienced the first phase of industrialisation. However, workers’ living conditions were often even more basic than under early capitalism in the West. In this initial [...] in record time in Rostov on Don, production commenced in the Stalingrad (today Volgograd) tractor works in the mid-1930s, and in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and [...] Moscow office of the designer Andrei Nikolajevitsch Tupolev. Also in Moscow, the Alexandrov Radio Works commenced operation in 1932, and began the mass production of televisions following World War II.
in eastern Lorraine. There, salt was manufactured from the saliferous spring water in the area. Workers filled the salty water, called "brine", in big ceramic pans and heated them until the bulk of water [...] shallow basins. Due to the intense sun and the wind, over time the water evaporated and in the end workers scraped up pure dried sea salt. These three traditional ways of salt production have already been [...] by the roman scholar Pliny the elder in his "Natural History". The beginnings of many famous salt works which flourished for centuries lie in the early Middle Ages: Wielicka in Poland for instance, Lüneburg
the thousands of unemployed workers and agricultural yields remained poor. Many farmers thus travelled back and forth between farmyard and factory: a special class of worker-peasants emerged. Following
leading companies needed increasingly larger administration sections to market mass products. Office work was a dynamic new service sector, and in the United States it triggered off countless new techniques [...] to bottom to enable as many similar storeys to be piled up on top of one another, as one wished. As work became ever more mechanised during the industrial age, manufacturers increased working hours, without [...] further to around 50 hours by the First World War. Increasing leisure in the evenings, and soon on work-free Sundays, meant that a huge variety of new forms of entertainment sprung up in heavily populated
online "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 12 September 2021 ERIH Conference 2020 - Oberhausen (D) & ONLINE "WORK it OUT" ERIH Dance Event 13 September 2020 ERIH Conference 2019 - Berlin (D) "Work it Out" ERIH [...] The dark sides of the Industrial Revolution Slavery and colonialism Nazi and other forced labour Workers' misery and labour movement Destruction of the environment Industrialised genocide Stories about [...] Projects Brochure "The International Story" Presentation "Change with an Impact" ERIH Dance Event "WORK it OUT" Objects and Stories "Linking Europe" ERIH Industrial Heritage Barometer Exchange programme
demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept of the "free worker" instead of the slave economy and free trade [...] of the new era: slavery had to be banned in order to raise the status of industrial workers. Even if they had to work 12 hours a day, received miserable wages and lived in damp mass quarters - they were [...] historians have argued about the role that slavery and colonialism played in industrialisation. The key work on this subject was published in 1944 by the historian Eric Williams, who, significantly, came from
part of Hungary’s demand for precious metals and iron ore into the 19th century. Numerous small iron works thrived at the edges of the Ore Mountains, mostly operated by nobles such as the Andrássy or Kohary [...] d, which was soon integrated into the Nazi arms production through German capital. Many old iron works were expanded into major steel plants, and the Skoda arms factory in Dubnica was transformed into [...] existing armaments factories continued to operate, joined by gigantic new complexes like the VSŽ steel works at Košice, for which iron ore had to be imported from the Soviet Union and coal from Czechia. The
instance the TKI chemical works in Hrastnik, which still exist today. The first steam engines were deployed in Ljubljana. Foreign-controlled corporations acquired the iron works at Jesenice and the coal
the crown subsidised operations such as the arms manufactories in Toledo and Trubia and the glass works at La Granja. Starting in the 17 th century, iron ore was refined in the Basque region. Aside from [...] the raw materials were worked as well. In the Basque province of Vizcaya however, mines and steel works proliferated, stimulated by Britain’s insatiable demand for iron. On their return trip, the freighters [...] exports and supported the expansion of the labour-intensive Asturian coal mines and Basque steel works. The INI attempted to keep the shipbuilding industry competitive by merging the major shipyards, while
